not for me

καλέω impf. ἐκάλουν; fut. καλέσω (LXX; JosAs 17:5; 20:6; Jos., Ant. 11, 266.—W-S. §13, 5; B-D-F §74, 1; Mlt-H. 242); 1 aor. ἐκάλεσα; pf. κέκληκα. Mid.: fut. 3 sg. καλέσεται (Just., D. 43, 5). Pass. 1 fut. κληθῆσομαι (W-S. §15); 2 fut. 3 sg. κεκλήσεται Lev 13:45; Hos 12:1; 1 aor. ἐκλήθην; pf. κέκλημαι (Hom.+).

① to identify by name or attribute, call, call by name, name

ⓐ call (to someone) abs., with naming implied (opp. ὑπακούειν; cp. PHamb 29, 3 [89 A.D.] κληθέντων τινῶν καὶ μὴ ὑπακουσάντων; Just., D. 136, 2 οὔτε καλοῦντος αὐτοῦ ἀνέχεσθε οὔτε λαλοῦντος ἀκούετε) of God ἐκάλουν καὶ οὐχ ὑπηκούσατε 1 Cl 57:4 (Pr 1:24); w. obj. τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα καλεῖ κατʼ ὄνομα J 10:3 v.l.

ⓑ call, address as, designate as w. double acc. (Just., D. 3, 5 θεὸν σὺ τί καλεῖς; Hippol., Ref. 6, 20, 1) αὐτὸν καλῶμεν κύριον 2 Cl 4:1; cp. Mt 22:43, 45; 23:9 (here the sense supplies the second acc.: you are to call no one your father); Lk 20:44; Ac 14:12; Ro 9:25; Hb 2:11; 1 Pt 1:17 P⁷²; 3:6. A voc. can take the place of the second acc. τί με καλεῖτε κύριε, κύριε; Lk 6:46. Pass. καλεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ῥαββί Mt 23:7. ὑμεῖς μὴ κληθῆτε ῥαββί you are not to have people call you ‘rabbi’ vs. 8; vs. 10. Cp. Lk 22:25; Js 2:23. ὁ οἶκός μου οἶκος προσευχῆς κληθήσεται Mt 21:13; Mk 11:17 (both Is 56:7). κληθήσονται υἱοὶ θεοῦ Ro 9:26 (Hos 2:1).

ⓒ name, provide with a name w. double acc. (Iren. 1, 1, 1 [Harv. I 8, 3]) ἐκάλουν αὐτὸ … Ζαχαρίαν they were for naming him Z. Lk 1:59 (on ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι τ. πατρός after his father[’s name] cp. 1 Esdr 5:38; Sir 36:11 and s. Hs 9, 17, 4).—Pass. be given a name, be named (Jos., Ant. 1, 34) κληθήσεται Ἰωάννης his name is to be John Lk 1:60; cp. vs. 62. σὺ κληθήσῃ Κηφᾶς J 1:42. Also of localities Mt 27:8; Ac 1:19; ApcPt Rainer (s. Ἀχερουσία).—Have as a name, be called (Lucian, Jud. Voc. 7 Λυσίμαχος ἐκαλεῖτο; Just., D. 1, 3 Τρύφων…καλοῦμαι; 63, 5 Χριστιανοὶ … καλούμεθα) ὸ̔ς καλεῖται τ. ὀνόματι τούτῳ who bears this name Lk 1:61. Also of localities (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 70 §289; 3, 91 §374; SIG 599, 5 τὸ φρούριον ὸ̔ καλεῖται Κάριον; Just., A I, 59, 6 τὸ καλούμενον Ἔρεβος) πόλις Δαυὶδ ἥτις καλεῖται Βηθλέεμ Lk 2:4. Cp. Ac 28:1; Rv 11:8.—Lk, Ac, Rv, GPt add to a pers. or thing the name or surname which he, she, or it bears, by means of the pres. pass. ptc. (cp. SIG 685, 39 νῆσον τὴν καλουμένην Λεύκην; 826e 22; 1063, 5; PPetr II, 45 II, 20; BGU 1000, 6; PCairGoodsp 9, 4; O. Wilck II, 1210, 4). The name: ἀδελφὴ καλουμένη Μαριάμ a sister named Mary Lk 10:39 (PCairMasp 23, 16 τ. ἀδελφὴν καλουμένην Πρόκλαν; TestJob 48:1 ἡ καλουμένη Ἡμέρα). Cp. 19:2; Ac 7:58; Rv 19:11, also 12:9. πόλις καλουμένη Ν. Lk 7:11; cp. 9:10; 19:29; 21:37; 23:33; Ac 1:12; 3:11; 8:10; 9:11; 10:1; 27:8, 14, 16; Rv 1:9; 16:16; GPt 6:24. The surname (2 Macc 10:12 Πτολεμαῖος ὁ καλούμενος Μάκρων; 1 Macc 3:1; Jos., Ant. 13, 367; TestJob 1:1 Ιωβ τοῦ καλουμένου Ιωβαβ): Σίμων ὁ κ. ζηλωτής Simon the Zealot Lk 6:15. Cp. 1:36; 8:2; 22:3 (s. ἐπικαλέω 2); Ac 1:23; 13:1; 15:22 (s. ἐπικαλέω), 37.—The example of the OT (Gen 17:19; 1 Km 1:20; Hos 1:9; 1 Macc 6:17) has influenced the expr. καλεῖν τὸ ὄνομά τινος, w. the name added in the acc. καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ἰησοῦν Mt 1:21; GJs 11:3; 14:2. Cp. Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14), 25; Lk 1:13, 31. Pass. Lk 2:21; Rv 19:13.

ⓓ Very oft. the emphasis is to be placed less on the fact that names are such and such, than on the fact that the bearers of the name actually are what the name says about them. The pass. be named thus approaches closely the mng. to be, and it must be left to the sensitivity of the interpreter whether this transl. is to be attempted in any individual case (Quint. Smyrn. 14, 434 οὔτʼ ἔτι σεῖο κεκλήσομαι=I do not wish any longer to be yours, i.e. your daughter). Among such pass. are these: Ναζωραῖος κληθήσεται he is to be a Nazarene Mt 2:23. υἱοὶ θεοῦ κληθήσονται 5:9; cp. vs. 19ab. υἱὸς ὑψίστου κληθήσεται (in parallelism w. ἔσται μέγας) Lk 1:32; so GJs 11:3, but without the ref. to greatness; cp. Lk 1:35, 76; 2:23. οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἄξιος κληθῆναι υἱός σου 15:19, 21. οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς καλεῖσθαι ἀπόστολος 1 Cor 15:9. ἵνα τέκνα θεοῦ κληθῶμεν, καί ἐσμέν that we should be called children of God; and so we really are 1J 3:1 (sim. Eur., Ion 309 τ. θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε; cp. Just., D. 123, 9; καλεῖσθαι beside εἶναι as Plut., Demetr. 900 [25, 6]). οἱ κεκλημένοι ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου those who are identified by the Lord’s name i.e. as Christians Hs 8, 1, 1. ἄχρις οὗ τὸ σήμερον καλεῖται as long as it is called ‘today’, as long as ‘today’ lasts Hb 3:13 (WLorimer, NTS 12, ’66, 390f, quoting Pla., Phd. 107c).—Here we may also class ἐν Ἰσαὰκ κληθήσεταί σοι σπέρμα in (through) Isaac you are to have your descendants Ro 9:7 and Hb 11:18 (Gen 21:12).

② to request the presence of someone at a social gathering, invite (Hom. et al.; pap; 2 Km 13:23; Esth 5:12; ISardRobert 1, ’64, p. 9, lines 1–4) τινά someone εἰς (τοὺς) γάμους to the wedding (Diod S 4, 70, 3; POxy 1487, 1 καλεῖ σε Θέων εἰς τοὺς γάμους) Mt 22:9; Lk 14:8, cp. vs. 10 (Syn. ἐρωτάω; s. three texts, invitations to the κλινή of Sarapis [ZPE 1, ’67, 121–26], two w. ἐ. and one w. καλέω New Docs 1, 5–9; on Luke’s compositional use of the meal context, s. XdeMeeûs, ETL 37, ’61, 847–70; cp. J 2:2; Rv 19:9. Abs. invite τινά someone 1 Cor 10:27 (Diog. L. 7, 184 of Chrysippus: ἐπὶ θυσίαν [sacrificial meal] ὑπὸ τῶν μαθητῶν κληθῆναι); priests to a child’s birthday GJs 6:2. Cp. Lk 7:39; 14:9, 12f, 16. οἱ κεκλημένοι the invited guests (Damox. Com. [IV/III B.C.] Fgm. 2, 26 K. in Athen. 3, 59, 102c τ. κεκλημένον; Jos., Ant. 6, 48; 52); Mt 22:3b (οἱ κεκλημένοι εἰς τ. γάμους as Diphilus Com. [IV/III B.C.] Fgm. 17, 1), 4, 8; Lk 14:7, 17; cp. vs. 24. ὁ κεκληκώς, the host 14:10 (s. above).—If αὐτοῦ Mk 2:15 refers to Jesus’ home, κ. in vs. 17 registers the double sense of an invitation to dinner and receipt of Messianic benefits, w. Jesus as host (s. AMcNeile, Mt ’57, 118); difft. Lk 5:27–32, s. 4 below. Of a follow-up invitation to guests upon completion of banquet preparations Mt 22:3a (cp. 3b below).

③ to use authority to have a person or group appear, summon

ⓐ call together τινάς people: Workers to be paid Mt 20:8. Slaves to receive orders 25:14; Lk 19:13. Shepherds GJs 4:3. τὰς θυγατέρας τῶν Ἑβραίων for Mary’s diversion 6:1; 7:2. τὰς παρθένους Ox 404 recto, 21 (Hs 113, 5); GJs 10:1. Guests Mt 22:3a (s. 2 end).

ⓑ summon τινά someone (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 82 §347; 4, 86 §362; 1 Macc 1:6) ἀπέστειλαν πρὸς αὐτὸν καλοῦντες αὐτόν they sent to him to summon him Mk 3:31. Cp. Mt 2:7; 22:3a. Of Joseph ἐκάλεσεν αὐτήν GJs 13:2 (for the context cp. Mt 1:18f). Of God: the Israelites fr. Egypt (as a type of Christ) Mt 2:15.— Call upon (Himerius, Or. 48 [=Or. 14], 10; 4 Macc 3:19) Hb 11:8.

ⓒ a legal t.t. call in, summon before a court (oft. pap) τινά someone (Jos., Ant. 14, 169) Ac 4:18; 24:2.—The transition to mng. 4 is well illustrated by Mt 4:21; Mk 1:20; Papias (8), where the summons is also a call to discipleship.

④ From the mngs. ‘summon’ and ‘invite’ there develops the extended sense choose for receipt of a special benefit or experience, call (Paus. 10, 32, 13 οὓς ἂν ἡ ῏Ισις καλέσῃ διʼ ἐνυπνίων; Ael. Aristid. 30, 9 K.=10 p. 116 D.: ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ κληθείς) καλούμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ Hb 5:4. τινὰ εἴς τι someone to someth., in the usage of the NT, as well as that of the LXX, of the choice of pers. for salvation: God (much more rarely Christ) calls εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ βασιλείαν καὶ δόξαν 1 Th 2:12; εἰς τὴν αἰώνιον αὐτοῦ δόξαν 1 Pt 5:10. εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον 1 Ti 6:12. εἰς κοινωνίαν τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ to fellowship with his son 1 Cor 1:9. ἐκ σκότους εἰς τὸ αὐτοῦ φῶς from darkness to his light 1 Pt 2:9. ἀπὸ σκότους εἰς φῶς 1 Cl 59:2. διὰ τ. χάριτος αὐτοῦ Gal 1:15. for this God called you through our proclamation, namely to obtain the glory 2 Th 2:14; cp. 1 Th 2:12. καλέσαντι … εἰς τὴν μερίδα τοῦ κλήρους τῶν ἁγίων Col 1:12 v.l. (for ἱκανώσαντι). Without further modification Ro 8:30; 9:24; 1 Cor 7:17f, 20–22, 24; Eph 1:11 v.l.; 2 Cl 9:5; 10:1.—κ. κλήσει ἁγίᾳ call with a holy calling 2 Ti 1:9. ἀξίως τῆς κλήσεως ἧς (attraction, instead of ἣν) ἐκλήθητε worthily of the calling by which you were called Eph 4:1 (on the constr. s. W-S. §24, 4b; Rob. 478). Of God: ὁ καλῶν τινά Gal 5:8; 1 Th 5:24. Abs. ὁ καλῶν Ro 9:12. ὁ καλέσας τινά Gal 1:6; 1 Pt 1:15; 2 Pt 1:3. Likew. of Christ ὁ καλέσας τινά 2 Cl 5:1 (Just., A I, 15, 7). Pass. οἱ κεκλημένοι those who are called Hb 9:15. κεκλημένοι ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ διʼ αὐτοῦ (=Ἰ. Χρ.) 1 Cl 65:2. οἱ κεκλημένοι ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ (=υἱοῦ τ. θεοῦ) Hs 9, 14, 5. οἱ κληθέντες Hm 4, 3, 4. S. also 1d.—More closely defined: ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ B 14:7 (Is 42:6). ἐπʼ ἐλευθερίᾳ (s. ἐλευθερία) Gal 5:13. οὐκ ἐπὶ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ ἀλλʼ ἐν ἁγιασμῷ not for impurity, but in consecration 1 Th 4:7. ἐν εἰρήνῃ in peace 1 Cor 7:15. ἐκλήθητε ἐν μιᾷ ἐλπίδι τῆς κλήσεως ὑμῶν you were called in the one hope that you share in your call Eph 4:4. ἡμεῖς διὰ θελήματος αὐτου (=θεοῦ) ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ κληθέντες 1 Cl 32:4. εἰς εἰρήνην τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐν ἐνὶ σώματι Col 3:15. ἐν τῇ σαρκί 2 Cl 9:4. ἐν Ἰσαάκ Hb 11:18 (=Ro 9:7). πόθεν ἐκλήθημεν καὶ ὑπὸ τίνος καὶ εἰς ὸ̔ν τόπον 2 Cl 1:2. εἰς τοῦτο ἵνα for this reason, that 1 Pt 3:9; cp. 2:21. Of Christ: οὐκ ἦλθον καλέσαι δικαίους ἀλλὰ ἁμαρτωλούς (+ εἰς μετάνοιαν v.l.) Mt 9:13; Mk 2:17 (on a prob. double sense in this pass. s. 2); 2 Cl 2:4; cp. vs. 7 (cp. Just., A I, 40, 7 εἰς μετάνοιαν καλεῖ πάντας ὁ θεός); Lk 5:32 (ἐλήλυθα … εἰς μετάνοιαν). Of God: ἐκάλεσεν ἡμᾶς οὐκ ὄντας he called us when we did not exist 2 Cl 1:8. ὁ καλῶν τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα the one who calls into being what does not exist Ro 4:17 (Philo, Spec. Leg. 4, 187 τὰ μὴ ὄντα ἐκάλεσεν εἰς τὸ εἶναι; cp. Is 41:4; 48:13).—Of the call to an office by God Hb 5:4.—JHempel, Berufung u. Bekehrung (also GBeer Festschr.) ’35; HWildberger, Jahwes Eigentumsvolk ’60.—B. 1276. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW.

παρά (Hom.+. On elision s. B-D-F §17; Rob. 208) prep. w. three cases (Kühner-G. §440; Schwyzer II 491–98; B-D-F §236–38; Rob. 612–16. Further lit. s.v. ἀνά, beg.; also HRau, De praepositionis παρά usu: GCurtius, Studien etc. III 1870).

A. W. gen., which nearly always as in Hom., Hdt., Pla., X. et al. denotes a pers., and indicates that someth. proceeds fr. this pers. (Hs 2:3 is an exception):

① marker of extension from the side of, from (the side of) w. local sense preserved, used w. verbs of coming, going, sending, originating, going out, etc. (TestAbr A 2 p. 78, 30 [Stone p. 4] παρὰ τοῦ μεγάλου βασιλέως ἀπεστάλην; Lucian, Demon. 13 ἀπιὼν παρʼ αὐτοῦ) ἐκπορεύεσθαι J 15:26b. ἐξέρχεσθαι 16:27; 17:8; Lk 2:1; 6:19. ἔρχεσθαι 8:49. παραγίνεσθαι Mk 14:43. πέμπειν τινὰ παρά τινος J 15:26a. πνεύματος ἁγίου … παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς ἀποσταλέντος εἰς αὐτήν (=Μαρίαν) AcPlCor 2:5. εἶναι παρά τινος be from someone (cp. Job 21:2, 9) J 6:46; 7:29; 9:16, 33; 17:7.

② marker of one who originates or directs, from (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 100 §420 παρὰ τ. θεῶν; TestJob 38:8 παρὰ θεοῦ) παρὰ κυρίου ἐγένετο αὕτη this was the Lord’s doing Mt 21:42; Mk 12:11 (both Ps 117:23). W. a double negative: οὐκ ἀδυνατήσει παρὰ τ. θεοῦ πᾶν ῥῆμα (s. ἀδυνατέω) Lk 1:37. τὰ λελαλημένα αὐτῇ παρὰ κυρίου what was said to her (by the angel) at the Lord’s command vs. 45. ἀπεσταλμένος παρὰ θεοῦ John the Baptist was not, like Jesus, sent out fr. the very presence of God, but one whose coming was brought about by God J 1:6 (cp. 2 Macc 11:17). παρʼ ἑαυτῆς φέρει καρπὸν καὶ παρὰ τῆς πτελέας it (i.e. the vine) bears fruit which comes both from itself and from the elm Hs 2:3. On 2 Pt 2:11 s. κρίσις 1bβ.

③ marker of the point fr. which an action originates, from

ⓐ after verbs

α. of asking, demanding αἰτεῖν and αἰτεῖσθαι (cp. X., An. 1, 3, 16, Hell. 3, 1, 4; SIG 785, 9f; PFay 121, 12ff; Tob 4:19 BA al.; LXX; TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 2 [Stone p. 22]; TestJob 20:2; ParJer 7:14; Jos., Ant. 15, 92) Mt 20:20 v.l. (for ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ); J 4:9; Ac 3:2; 9:2; Js 1:5; 1J 5:15 v.l. (for ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ); 1 Cl 36:4 (Ps 2:8); Hm 9:2, 4; Dg 1. ζητεῖν (Tob 4:18; Sir 7:4; cp. 1 Macc 7:13) Mk 8:11; Lk 11:16; 12:48.

β. of taking, accepting, receiving λαμβάνειν (class.; Appian, Mithrid. 88 §397; SIG 546 B, 23 [III B.C.]; Jdth 12:15; Sus 55 Theod.; 1 Macc 8:8; 11:34; 4 Macc 12:11; TestJob 11:5; JosAs 24:11; Just., A I, 39, 5 al.) Mk 12:2; Lk 6:34; J 5:34, 41, 44; 10:18; Ac 2:33; 3:5; 17:9; 20:24; 26:10 (Jos., Ant. 14, 167 λαβὼν ἐξουσίαν παρά σου [= τ. ἀρχιερέως]; 11, 169); Js 1:7; 2 Pt 1:17; 2J 4; Rv 2:28; Hs 1:8; 8, 3, 5; GJs 20, 2 codices. ἀπολαμβάνειν (SIG 150, 19f [restored text; IV B.C.]; 4 Macc 18:23) Hv 5:7. παραλαμβάνειν (Hdt. et al.; oft. ins; POxy 504, 14 al. in pap) Gal 1:12; 1 Th 2:13; 4:1; 2 Th 3:6. δέχεσθαι (Thu. 1, 20, 1 et al.; 1 Macc 15:20; TestJob 11:12; cp. διαδέχεσθαι Ath. 37, 1) Ac 22:5; Phil 4:18a. κομίζεσθαι (SIG 244 I, 5ff [IV B.C.]; Gen 38:20; 2 Macc 7:11; Ath. 12, 1) Eph 6:8. εὑρεῖν (SIG 537, 69; 1099, 28; cp. εὑρίσκω 3, end) 2 Ti 1:18. ἔχειν τι παρά τινος have received someth. fr. someone (1 Esdr 6:5) Ac 9:14; cp. Hv 3, 9, 8. γίνεταί μοί τι παρά τινος I receive someth. from someone (Att.) Mt 18:19. ἔσται μεθʼ ἡμῶν χάρις … παρὰ θεοῦ πατρὸς καὶ παρὰ Ἰησοῦ 2J 3 (cp. X., An. 7, 2, 25). οἱ πιστευθέντες παρὰ θεοῦ ἔργον those who were entrusted by God with a task 1 Cl 43:1 (cp. Polyb. 3, 69, 1; SIG 1207, 12f). παρὰ τοῦ κυρίου πλουτίζεσθαι receive one’s wealth fr. the Lord Hs 2:10.—Sim. in the case of a purchase the seller is introduced by παρά: buy fr. someone ἀγοράζειν (s. ἀγοράζω 1, end) Rv 3:18. ὠνεῖσθαι Ac 7:16. ἄρτον φαγεῖν παρά τινος receive support from someone 2 Th 3:8.

γ. of learning, coming to know, hearing, asking ἀκούειν (s. ἀκούω 1bβ and 3) J 1:40; 6:45; 7:51; 8:26, 40; 15:15; Ac 10:22; 28:22; 2 Ti 1:13; 2:2; AcPlCor 1:6; ἀκριβοῦν Mt 2:7, 16. ἐξακριβάζεσθαι Hm 4, 2, 3. ἐπιγινώσκειν Ac 24:8. μανθάνειν (since Aeschyl., Ag. 858; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 176; Sir 8:8f; 2 Macc 7:2 v.l.; 3 Macc 1:1; Just., A I, 23, 1 and D. 78, 1 al.; Ath. 7, 2; 22, 8) 2 Ti 3:14. πυνθάνεσθαι (Hdt. 3, 68; X., Cyr. 1, 6, 23; Pla., Rep. 5, 476e; SIG 1169, 30; 2 Ch 32:31) Mt 2:4; J 4:52 (without παρά v.l.); B 13:2 (Gen 25:22).

ⓑ w. adjectival function ὁ, ἡ, τὸ παρά τινος made, given, etc., by someone

α. w. a noun (funct. as a gen.: Pla., Symp. 197e ὁ παρά τινος λόγος ‘the expression made by someone’; X., Hell. 3, 1, 6 δῶρον παρὰ βασιλέως, Mem. 2, 2, 12 ἡ παρά τινος εὔνοια, Cyr. 5, 5, 13 τὸ παρʼ ἐμοῦ ἀδίκημα ‘the crime committed by me’; Polyb. 3, 69, 3 ἡ παρʼ αὐτοῦ σωτηρία; Polyaenus 3, 9, 28 ἡ παρὰ στρατηγοῦ ἀρετή; SIG 543, 27; Ex 4:20; 14:13; Philo, Plant. 14; Jos., Ant. 12, 400; Just., A I, 32, 8 and D. 92, 1 al.; Ath. 7, 1) ἡ παρʼ ἐμοῦ διαθήκη Ro 11:27 (Is 59:21).—Ac 26:12 v.l.; 22 v.l.

β. w. subst. function

א. τὰ παρά τινος what someone gives, someone’s gifts (X., Mem. 3, 11, 13; Jos., Bell. 2, 124, Ant. 8, 175; Tat. 32, 1 τὰ παρὰ θεοῦ) Lk 10:7; Phil 4:18b. τὰ παρʼ αὐτῆς her property, what she had Mk 5:26 (cp. IPriene 111, 177). τὰ παρὰ ζώσης καὶ μενούσης (the help that I received) from a living, contemporary voice Papias (2:4).

ב. οἱ παρά τινος someone’s envoys (οἱ παρὰ βασιλέω πρέσβει X., Hell. 1, 3, 9; oft. in ins.: see, e.g., OGI 5, 50 from Ptolemy; the full expression οἱ παρʼ ὑμῶν πρεσβείς OGI 8 VI, 108–9; Schwyzer II 498; B-D-F §237, 2) οἱ παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως (1 Macc 2:15; 1 Esdr 1:15) 1 Cl 12:4.—The Koine also uses this expr. to denote others who are intimately connected w. someone, e.g. family, relatives (PGrenf II, 36, 9 [II B.C.]; POxy 805 [I B.C.]; 298, 37 [I A.D.]; CPR I, 179, 16; 187, 7; Sb 5238, 19 [I A.D.]; Sus 33; 1 Macc 13:52; Jos., Ant. 1, 193. Further exx. fr. pap in Mlt. 106f; Rossberg [s. ἀνά, beg.] 52) Mk 3:21 (s. CBruston/PFarel: RTQR 18, 1909, 82–93; AWabnitz, ibid. 221–25; SMonteil, ibid. 19, 1910, 317–25; JMoulton, Mk 3:21: ET 20, 1909, 476; GHartmann, Mk 3:20f: BZ 11, 1913, 248–79; FZorell, Zu Mk 3:20, 21: ZKT 37, 1913, 695–7; JBelser, Zu Mk 3:20f: TQ 98, 1916, 401–18; Rdm.² 141; 227.—S. also at ἐξίστημι 2a).

B. w. dat., the case that exhibits close association

① marker of nearness in space, at/by (the side of), beside, near, with, acc. to the standpoint fr. which the relationship is viewed

ⓐ near, beside

α. w. things (Synes., Ep. 126 p. 262a; Kaibel 703, 1; POxy 120, 23; 2 Km 10:8; 11:9; Jos., Ant. 1, 196) εἱστήκεισαν παρὰ τῷ σταυρῷ J 19:25. κεῖσθαι παρὰ τῷ πύργῳ Hv 3, 5, 5.

β. w. persons ἔστησεν αὐτὸ παρʼ ἑαυτῷ he had him (i.e. the child) stand by his side Lk 9:47.

ⓑ in (someone’s) house, city, company, etc. (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 5 al. παρὰ Λάβαν)

α. house: ἀριστᾶν Lk 11:37. καταλύειν 19:7 (Pla., Gorg. 447b; Demosth. 18, 82). μένειν (JosAs 20:8; Jos., Ant. 1, 298; 299) J 1:39; Ac 9:43; 18:3; 21:8. ξενίζεσθαι 10:6; 21:16 (ξενίζω 1). So prob. also ἕκαστος παρʼ ἑαυτῷ each one at home 1 Cor 16:2 (cp. Philo, Cher. 48 παρʼ ἑαυτοῖς, Leg. ad Gai. 271). ὸ̔ν ἀπέλιπον ἐν Τρῳάδι παρὰ Κάρπῳ 2 Ti 4:13.

β. city: Rv 2:13. So prob. also ἦσαν παρʼ ἡμῖν ἑπτὰ ἀδελφοί Mt 22:25.—J 4:40; Col 4:16 (where the congregation at Laodicea is contrasted w. the one at Col.).

γ. other uses: παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις among Judeans Mt 28:15. παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἐπιμεῖναι remain with them Ac 28:14; cp. 21:7. οἱ παρʼ ὑμῖν πρεσβύτεροι the elders among you 1 Cl 1:3.—παρὰ τῷ πατρί with (of spatial proximity) the Father Mt 6:1; J 8:38a; cp. 17:5 (Synes., Kingship 29 p. 31d: philosophy has her abode παρὰ τῷ θεῷ and if the world refuses to receive her when she descends to earth, μένει παρὰ τῷ πατρί). Of Jesus: παρʼ ὑμῖν μένων while I was with you (on earth) J 14:25. Of the Spirit: παρʼ ὑμῖν μένει vs. 17. Of the Father and Son in their relation to the faithful Christian: μονὴν παρʼ αὐτῷ ποιησόμεθα we will take up our abode with him vs. 23.

δ. fig. παρά τινι before someone’s judgment seat (Demosth. 18, 13 εἰς κρίσιν καθιστάναι παρά τινι; Appian, Maced. 11 §8 παρʼ ὑμῖν ἐς κρίσιν) 2 Pt 2:11 v.l. Closely related is

② marker of one whose viewpoint is relevant, in the sight or judgment of someone (Soph., Hdt.; PSI 435, 19 [258 B.C.] παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ) παρὰ τῷ θεῷ: δίκαιος παρὰ τῷ θεῷ righteous in the sight of God Ro 2:13 (cp. Job 9:2; Jos., Ant. 6, 205; Ath. 31, 2 εὐδοξοῦμεν … παρὰ τῷ θεῷ).—Cp. 1 Cor 3:19; Gal 3:11; 2 Th 1:6; Js 1:27; 1 Pt 2:4; 2 Pt 3:8. θυσία δεκτὴ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ Hs 5, 3, 8. ἔνδοξος παρὰ τῷ θεῷ m 2:6; Hs 5, 3, 3; 8, 10, 1; 9, 27, 3; 9, 28, 3; 9, 29, 3.—9, 7, 6.—Acc. to the judgment of humans (Jos., Ant. 7, 84; Just., A I, 20, 3) 8, 9, 1. τί ἄπιστον κρίνεται παρʼ ὑμῖν; Ac 26:8. ἵνα μὴ ἦτε παρʼ ἑαυτοῖς φρόνιμοι Ro 11:25; cp. 12:16 (s. Pr 3:7 μὴ ἴσθι φρόνιμος παρὰ σεαυτῷ).—‘In the judgment’ passes over into a simpler with (PsSol 9:5 παρὰ κυρίῳ; Jos. Himerius, Or. 8 [=23], 10 παρὰ θεοῖς=with the gods) εὑρεῖν χάριν παρά τινι find favor with someone (Ex 33:16; cp. Num 11:15) Lk 1:30; Hs 5, 2, 10. τοῦτο χάρις παρὰ θεῷ 1 Pt 2:20. χάριν ἔχειν (Ex 33:12) m 5, 1, 5. προέκοπτεν ἐν τῇ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ καὶ ἀνθρώποις Lk 2:52. τί ταπεινοφροσύνη παρὰ θεῷ ἰσχύει, τί ἀγάπη ἁγνὴ παρά θεῷ δύναται how strong humility is before God, what pure love before God can do 1 Cl 21:8.

③ marker of personal reference, at the side of, with almost equivalent to the dat. as such (Ps 75:13): δυνατόν or ἀδύνατον παρά τινι possible or impossible for someone (Gen 18:14; Just., A I, 33, 2; Ath., R. 9 p. 58, 6) Mt 19:26ab; Mk 10:27abc; Lk 1:37 v.l.; 18:27ab; 1 Cl 27:2.—AFridrichsen, SymbOsl 14, ’35, 44–46. Closely related in mng. is

④ marker of connection of a quality or characteristic w. a pers., with (οὐκ) ἔστιν τι παρά τινι someth. is (not) with or in someone, someone has someth. (nothing) to do w. someth. (Demosth. 18, 277 εἰ ἔστι καὶ παρʼ ἐμοί τις ἐμπειρία; Gen 24:25; Job 12:13; Ps 129:4 παρὰ σοι ὁ ἱλασμός ἐστιν; Just., D. 82, 1 παρὰ … ἡμῖν … χαρίσματα) οὐκ ἔστιν προσωπολημψία παρὰ τ. θεῷ Ro 2:11 (TestJob 43, 13). Cp. 9:14; Eph 6:9; Js 1:17. Sim. Mt 8:10; 2 Cor 1:17.

⑤ marker of a relationship w. a narrow focus, among, before παρʼ ἑαυτοῖς among themselves (Philo, Cher. 48) διαλογίζεσθαι Mt 21:25 v.l. (cp. Demosth. 10, 17 γιγνώσκειν παρʼ αὑτῷ; Epict., Ench. 48, 2).—In ἐν τούτῳ μενέτω παρὰ θεῷ 1 Cor 7:24, the mng. of παρὰ θεῷ is not certain: let the pers. remain in that position (the same one in which he was when called to salvation) before God; it is prob. meant to remind Christians of the One before whom they cannot even have the appearance of inferiority (ins: Mitt-Wilck, I/2, 4, 4 [13 B.C.] παρὰ τῷ κυρίῳ Ἑρμῇ=‘before, in the sight of’; Sb 7616 [II A.D.] τὸ προσκύνημά σου ποιῶ παρὰ τῷ κυρίῳ Σαράπι=‘before the Lord’ S.; 7661, 3 [c. 100 A.D.]; 7932, 7992, 6 [letter II/III A.D.]). Or perh. it simply means that no matter what the situation may be, one is to be focused on God.

C. w. acc. of pers. or thing

① marker of a position viewed as extended (w. no difference whether παρά answers the question ‘where?’ or ‘whither?’ See B-D-F §236, 1; Rob. 615).

ⓐ by, along περιπατεῖν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν (Pla., Gorg. 511e. Cp. SIG 1182; Jos., Ant. 2, 81) Mt 4:18; cp. Mk 1:16.

ⓑ at the edge or to the edge of

α. παρὰ (τὴν) θάλασσαν by the sea (or lake) , at the shore Mt 13:1; Mk 4:1; 5:21; Ac 10:6, 32; cp. Lk 5:1, 2. παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν by the side of the road (X., An. 1, 2, 13; Plut., Lysander 450 [29, 4] a tomb παρὰ τ. ὁδόν=beside the road) Mt 20:30; Mk 10:46; Lk 18:35 (but on the road is also poss. in these three places; s. d below).

β. παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν to (the side of) the sea (lake) Mt 15:29; Mk 2:13. παρὰ ποταμόν to the river Ac 16:13.

ⓒ gener. near, at παρὰ τοὺς πόδας τινός at someone’s feet (sit, fall, place etc.; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 16 [Stone p. 44]) Mt 15:30; Lk 7:38; 8:35, 41; 10:39 v.l.; 17:16; Ac 4:35, 37 v.l.; 5:2; 7:58; 22:3 (s. ET 30, 1919, 39f). παρὰ τὸν πὺργον beside the tower Hs 9, 4, 8; 9, 6, 5; 8; 9, 7, 1; 9, 11, 6.—παρὰ τὴν ἰτέαν 8, 1, 2 (cp. TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 10 [Stone p. 14] παρὰ τὴν δρῦν τὴν Μαμβρῆ).

ⓓ on παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν on the road (w. motion implied; Aesop, Fab. 226 P.=420 H.: πεσὼν παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν; Phot., Bibl. 94 p. 74b on Iambl. Erot. [Hercher I p. 222, 22] πίπτουσι παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν) Mt 13:4, 19; Mk 4:4; Lk 8:5; on the road (w. no motion implied; Theophr., HP 6, 6, 10: the crocus likes to be trodden under foot, διὸ καὶ παρὰ τὰς ὁδοὺς κάλλιστος; Phot. p. 222, 29 H. [s. above]) Mk 4:15; Lk 8:12. Perh. also Mt 20:30; Mk 10:46; Lk 18:35 (s. bα above).—παρὰ τὸ χεῖλος τῆς θαλάσσης on the seashore Hb 11:12 (TestAbr A 1 p. 78, 1 [Stone p. 4]; ApcEsdr 3:10; ApcSed 8:9).

② marker of extension in time, during, from … to (Lucian, Catapl. 24 παρὰ τ. βίον=during his life; POxy 472, 10; TestAbr A 20 p. 102, 26 [Stone p. 52] παρὰ μίαν ὥραν; Tat. 14, 2 παρʼ ὸ̔ν ἔζων χρόνον) παρʼ ἐνιαυτόν from year to year (Plut., Cleom. 15, 1; cp. ἐνιαυτός 1) B 10:7.

③ marker of comparative advantage, in comparison to, more than, beyond ἁμαρτωλοί, ὀφειλέται π. πάντας Lk 13:2, 4 (PSI 317, 6 [95 A.D.] παρὰ πάντας; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 234 παρὰ τ. ἄλλους ἅπαντας; JosAs 10:6 παρὰ πάσας τὰς παρθένους; Just., A I, 20, 3 παρὰ πάντας ἀδίκως μισούμεθα). κρίνειν ἡμέραν παρʼ ἡμέραν (s. κρίνω 1) Ro 14:5. π. πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν B 11:9 (prophetic quot. of unknown orig.). π. πάντα τὰ πνεύματα more than all other spirits Hm 10, 1, 2. ἐλαττοῦν τινα π. τινα make someone inferior to someone Hb 2:7, 9 (s. ἐλαττόω 1 and cp. PGrenf I, 42, 12 [II B.C.] ἐλαττουμένων ἡμῶν παρὰ τοὺς δεῖνα). εἶδος ἐκλεῖπον π. τὸ εἶδος τῶν ἀνθρώπων (s. ἐκλείπω 4) 1 Cl 16:3.—After a comp. (Thu. 1, 23, 3; ApcEsdr 1:22; Tat. 2, 2) Lk 3:13; Hb 1:4; 3:3; 9:23; 11:4; 12:24; B 4:5 (cp. Da 7:7); Hv 3, 12, 1; Hs 9, 18, 2.—When a comparison is made, one member of it may receive so little attention as to pass fr. consideration entirely, so that ‘more than’ becomes instead of, rather than, to the exclusion of (Plut., Mor. 984c; PsSol 9:9; EpArist 134; Just., A I, 22, 2) λατρεύειν τῇ κτίσει παρὰ τὸν κτίσαντα serve the creation rather than the Creator Ro 1:25 (cp. EpArist 139: the Jews worship τὸν μόνον θεὸν παρʼ ὅλην τὴν κτίσιν). δεδικαιωμένος παρʼ ἐκεῖνον justified rather than the other Lk 18:14. ἔχρισέν σε … παρὰ τοὺς μετόχους (God) has anointed you and not your comrades Hb 1:9 (Ps 44:8). ὑπερφρονεῖν παρʼ ὸ̔ δεῖ φρονεῖν Ro 12:3 (Plut., Mor. 83f παρʼ ὸ̔ δεῖ). παρὰ καιρὸν ἡλικίας Hb 11:11 (Plut., Rom. 25, 6 παρʼ ἡλικίαν; cp. ἡλικία 2a).—παρὰ δύναμιν beyond their means (s. δύναμις 2) 2 Cor 8:3.—After ἄλλος (Pla., Lach. 178b, Leg. 3, 693b; X., Hell. 1, 5, 5; Demosth. 18, 235) another than 1 Cor 3:11.

④ marker of degree that falls slightly short in comparison, except for, almost παρὰ μικρόν except for a little, almost (s. μικρός 1eγ) Hs 8, 1, 14. Likew. παρά τι (cp. Vett. Val. 228, 6) Lk 5:7 D; Hs 9, 19, 3.

⑤ marker of causality, because of (cp. Pind., O. 2, 65 κενεὰν παρὰ δίαιταν ‘in the interest of’ or ‘for the sake of a scanty livelihood’, the scantiness here contrasting with the immense labor involved; Demosth. 4, 11; 9, 2; PRyl 243, 6; POxy 1420, 7) παρὰ τό w. acc. foll. because (SIG 495, 130; UPZ 7, 13 [163 B.C.] παρὰ τὸ Ἕλληνά με εἶναι.—Mayser II/1, 1926, 331; Gen 29:20; Ex 14:11) 1 Cl 39:5f (Job 4:20f). π. τοῦτο because of this (Kühner-G. I 513, 3; Synes., Ep. 44 p. 185a; 57 p. 192d) ITr 5:2; IRo 5:1 (quot. fr. 1 Cor 4:4, where Paul has ἐν τούτῳ). οὐ παρὰ τοῦτο οὐ (double neg. as a strengthened affirmative) not for that reason any the less 1 Cor 12:15f.

⑥ marker of that which does not correspond to what is expected, against, contrary to (Hom., Alc. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; Just., Tat., Ath.—Schwyzer II 497) π. τὴν διδαχήν Ro 16:17. παρʼ ἐλπίδα against hope (s. ἐλπίς 1a) in wordplay w. ἐπʼ ἐλπίδι 4:18. παρὰ φύσιν (Thu. 6, 17, 1; Pla., Rep. 5, 466d; Tat. 22, 2; Ath. 26, 2, R. 6 p. 54, 13) 1:26; 11:24. παρὰ τὸν νόμον (Just., A II, 2, 4; Ath. 1, 3; cp. X., Mem. 1, 1, 18 παρὰ τοὺς νόμους; PMagd 16, 5 [222 B.C.] παρὰ τοὺς νόμους; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 233; Just., A I, 68, 10) Ac 18:13. παρʼ ὅ contrary to that which Gal 1:8f (Just., A I, 43, 8).

⑦ marker of something that is less, less (Hdt. 9, 33; Plut., Caesar 722 [30, 5]; Jos., Ant. 4, 176; POxy 264, 4 [I A.D.]) τεσσεράκοντα παρὰ μίαν forty less one=thirty-nine (i.e. lashes) 2 Cor 11:24 (cp. Makkoth 3, 10 [tr. HDanby, The Mishnah ’33, 407]).—On παρʼ αὐτά ITr 11:1 s. παραυτά.—DELG. M-M. TW.

γάρ (Hom.+) conj. used to express cause, clarification, or inference. Never comes first in its clause; usu. second, but also third (Hb 11:32), or even fourth (2 Cor 1:19, as e.g. Menand., Epitr. 883 S. [=563 Kö.]; Lucian, Pisc. 10, Philops. 15; s. B-D-F §452; 475, 2; Denniston 56–114; Schwyzer II 560).

① marker of cause or reason, for

ⓐ abs. Mk 1:22; 9:49; Lk 1:15; 21:4; J 2:25; Ac 2:25; Ro 1:9; 1 Cor 11:5 and oft.—It should be noted that γάρ w. a verb (and nothing else) can form a sentence (Demosth. 21, 28 δίδωσι γάρ.; Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 32 κινεῖ γάρ.; Menand., Sam. 666 S. [=321 Kö.] δεῖ γάρ.; Alexis Com. 286 Kock παύσει γάρ.; Axionicus Com. [IV B.C.] 6, 6 K.: Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 273 D.; Maximus Tyr. 10, 8g δύναται γάρ.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 3, 3; Synes., Ep. 4 p. 163d ἠνεχυρίαστο γάρ.=for it had been seized as security; Aristaen., Ep. 2, 7; Anna Comn., Alexias 5, 1 vol. I p. 156, 8 R. προπέποτο γάρ.; et al.—Ps.-Demetrius, Form. Ep. p. 12, 2 as conclusion of a letter ὀφείλω γάρ.; Vi. Aesopi G 67 P. as the ending of a story: οὐκ ἔχεις γάρ.=you don’t have any [understanding, common sense]; Polyaenus 3 the introduction ends with the words: πρόδηλον γάρ.—See also CKraeling, JBL 44, 1925, 357f; RRottley, JTS 27, 1926, 407–9; RLightfoot, Locality and Doctrine in the Gosp. ’38, 10ff; CMoule, NTS 2, ’55/56, 58f) ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ. Mk 16:8 (s. φοβέω 1a). Conclusions of this kind at the end of Mk are also found in other lit. (Horapollo 2, 80 οὗτος γάρ; Plotin. V 5, 13, 36f κρείττον γὰρ τὸ ποιοῦν τοῦ ποιούμενου• τελειότερον γάρ. [Pvan der Horst, JTS n.s. 23, ’72, 121–24]).

ⓑ used w. other particles and conjunctions ἰδοὺ γάρ (Jdth 5:23; 9:7; 12:12; 1 Macc 9:45) Lk 1:44, 48; 2:10; 6:23; 17:21; Ac 9:11; 2 Cor 7:11 al.; s. ἰδού 1c. καὶ γάρ (B-D-F §452, 3; B-D-R §452, 3) for (=Lat. etenim, Kühner-G. II 338; s. Chariton 3, 3, 16; 2 Macc 1:19; 4 Macc 1:2; 5:8) Mk 10:45; Lk 22:37; J 4:23; Ac 19:40; 1 Cor 5:7; Hb 5:12; 12:29; Hs 9, 8, 2; for also, for even (B-D-F §452, 3; ZNW 19, 1920, 175f) Mt 8:9; Lk 6:32f; 7:8; 11:4; J 4:45; Ro 11:1; 15:3; 16:2; 2 Cor 2:10. S. FGrosheide, καὶ γάρ in het NT: TSt 33, 1915, 108–10. γὰρ καί for also, for precisely 2 Cor 2:9 (ParJer 7:6 εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ ἀπεστάλην). τε γάρ for indeed (X., Mem. 1, 1, 3) Ro 1:26; 7:7; Hb 2:11 (s. τέ 2b). μὲν γάρ (3 Macc 2:15f) often followed by δέ, ἀλλά Ac 13:36; 23:8; 28:22; 2 Cor 9:1; 11:4; Hb 7:20; 12:10 (s. μέν 1aα, β); ὅτι μὲν γὰρ … ἀλλά Ac 4:16. καὶ γὰρ οὐ 1 Cor 11:9; οὐ γάρ Mt 10:20; Mk 4:22; 6:52; J 3:17; Ac 2:34; Ro 1:16; 2:11, 13, 28; 4:13; 1 Cor 1:17; 2 Cor 1:8; Gal 4:30 and oft. μὴ γάρ Js 1:7 (TestAbr A 2, 79, 9 [Stone p. 6]; GrBar 6:6). οὐδὲ γάρ Lk 20:36; J 5:22; 7:5; 8:42; Ro 8:7; Gal 1:12 (s. οὐδέ 2). οὔτε γὰρ … οὔτε (Wsd 12:13; Sir 30:19) for neither … nor 1 Th 2:5.

ⓒ γάρ is somet. repeated. It occurs twice either to introduce several arguments for the same assertion, as (Sir 37:13f; 38:1f; Wsd 7:16f) J 8:42; 1 Cor 16:7; 2 Cor 11:19f; or to have one clause confirm the other, as (Jdth 5:23; 7:27; 1 Macc 11:10) Mt 10:19f; Lk 8:29; J 5:21f, 46; Ac 2:15; Ro 6:14; 8:2f; Hv 5:3; or to have various assertions of one and the same sentence confirmed one after the other Mt 3:2f; J 3:19f (cp. Wsd 1:5f; EpJer 6; 7). γάρ also occurs three times (Wsd 9:13–15; 14:27–29) Mt 16:25–27; Lk 9:24–26; Ro 4:13–15; 2 Cor 3:9–11; four times Mk 8:35–38; Ro 1:16–18; even five times 1 Cor 9:15–17.

ⓓ the general is confirmed by the specific Mk 7:10; Lk 12:52; Ro 7:2; 1 Cor 12:8; —the specific by the general Mt 7:8; 13:12; 22:14; Mk 4:22, 25; Ro 2:2 v.l.

ⓔ oft. the thought to be supported is not expressed, but must be supplied fr. the context: (He has truly been born) for we have seen his star Mt 2:2. (Let no one refuse) ὸ̔ς γὰρ ἐὰν θέλῃ Mk 8:35; Lk 9:24. (Let no disciple fail to testify) ὸ̔ς γὰρ ἐὰν ἐπαισχυνθῇ με Mk 8:38. This is common; cp. Ac 13:36; 21:13; 22:26; Ro 8:18; 14:10; 1 Cor 1:18; 5:3; 9:9, 17; 14:9. Sim. w. other particles καὶ γάρ Mt 15:27; 2 Cor 5:2; 13:4; Phil 2:27; 1 Th 3:4; 4:10. καὶ γὰρ οὐ 2 Cor 3:10. μὲν γάρ Ro 2:25; 1 Cor 5:3; 11:7; 2 Cor 9:1; Hb 7:18. οὐ γάρ Mt 9:13; Mk 9:6; Lk 6:43f; Ac 4:20; Ro 8:15; 2 Cor 1:13 (also s. καί 2iα, and μέν 1aα).

ⓕ oft. in questions, where the English idiom leaves the word untransl., adds then, pray, or prefixes what! or why! to the question (Hyperid., Fgm. 219; Ael. Aristid. 47, 27 K.=23 p. 452 D.; TestJob 23:8 τὶ γὰρ μοι ἡ θρίξ … ; Jos., Bell. 1, 589, Ant. 9, 92) ἱνατί γὰρ … κρίνεται for what reason … should be judged 1 Cor 10:29. ποῖον γὰρ κλέος; what credit is there? 1 Pt 2:20. μὴ γὰρ … ἔρχεται; what! Is the Messiah to hail fr. Galilee? J 7:41. μὴ γὰρ οἰκίας οὐκ ἔχετε; what! Have you no houses? 1 Cor 11:22. S. μή 3a.—ποία γὰρ ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν; what, pray, is your life? Js 4:14 v.l. πῶς γὰρ ἂν δυναίμην; how in the world can I? Ac 8:31.—Esp. τίς γάρ; τί γάρ; in direct questions: Mt 9:5; 16:26; 23:17, 19 al. τί γὰρ κακὸν ἐποίησεν; why, what crime has he committed? 27:23; sim. Mk 15:14; Lk 23:22. τί γάρ; transitional, well, then Ro 3:3; what does it matter? Phil 1:18.

② marker of clarification, for, you see (Dionys. Hal., De Isocr. p. 542 Raderm.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 10, 9 p. 373 κοῦφα γὰρ ὄντα; BGU 830, 20 ἐπεὶ γὰρ καὶ γείτων αὐτοῦ εἰμί=since I am also, as you see, his neighbor; Ps.-Demetr. 153 p. 35, 16 R.; Ps.-Callisth. 3, 2, 2 ἐγὼ γάρ=for I) Mt 12:40, 50; 23:3; 24:38; Mk 7:3; Lk 8:40; 9:14; J 3:16; 4:8f; Ro 7:2; Hb 2:8; 3:4; 2 Pt 2:8; AcPlCor 2, 4; 35.—Brief, explanatory parenthetical clauses (En 107:3 μυστηριακῶς γὰρ ἐδήλωσεν αὐτῷ; Diod S 13, 66, 6 ἦν γὰρ ὁ Κλέαρχος χαλεπός) Mt 4:18; Mk 1:16; 2:15; 5:42; 16:4; Ro 7:1; 1 Cor 16:5; Gal. 4:25 v.l. (cp. γὰρ δή 1 Cl 42:5). Akin to explanatory function is the use of γάρ as a narrative marker to express continuation or connection (in later Gk. writers, where more recent users of the texts, not finding the causal force they expect, would often prefer to see it replaced by δέ; unnecessarily, since the grammarian Trypho Alex. [I B.C.], Fgm. 54 ed. AvVelsen 1853 shows clearly that γάρ under certain circumstances εἷς οὖν ἐστὶν ἀντὶ τοῦ δέ=is one and the same thing as δέ). Indeed, in many instances γάρ appears to be used adverbially like our ‘now’ (in which the temporal sense gives way to signal an important point or transition), ‘well, then’, ‘you see’ (e.g. Diod S 20, 35, 1 ‘now’; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. §1; 120; 158; 197 [LDeubner, Bemerkungen z. Text der Vi. Pyth. des Jambl.’35, 30f]; Arrian, Ind. 33, 1 ἀλλὰ ἔπλωον γὰρ … =well, then, they sailed … ; schol. on Od. 4, 22 p. 174, 10 Dind.; ‘moreover’ SIG 1109, 28 [II A.D.]; ‘in the first place’ Jos., Bell. 7, 43, ‘now’ Ant. 1, 68): Ro 1:18; 2:25 (‘indeed’, ‘to be sure’ as Jos., Ant. 11, 8); 4:3, 9; 5:7 (‘but’); 12:3; 14:5; 1 Cor 10:1 (v.l. δέ); 2 Cor 1:12; 10:12; 11:5 (B δέ); Gal 1:11 (v.l. δέ); 5:13; 1 Ti 2:5. Cp. ἡμεῖς γὰρ J 9:28 v.l.—Confirming (Arrian, Ind. 22, 6 ἀλλὰ ἐκπεριπλῶσαι γὰρ … μέγα ἔργον ἐφαίνετο=but to sail seaward seemed indeed a dangerous undertaking; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 192 ἅπασαι μὲν γὰρ … =What has just been stated is apparent from the fact that all …). Especially in replies γάρ confirms what has been asked about (B-D-F §452, 2) yes, indeed; certainly 1 Th 2:20; 1 Cor 9:10.

③ marker of inference, certainly, by all means, so, then. In self-evident conclusions, esp. in exclamations, strong affirmations, etc. (Diogenes the Cynic in Diog. L. 6, 47 παῦσαι γάρ=stop, then) μὴ γὰρ οἰέσθω ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖνος not for a moment let such a person think Js 1:7; μὴ γάρ τις ὑμῶν πασχέτω by no means let any of you suffer 1 Pt 4:15; ἀναλογίσασθε γὰρ τὸν … ὑπομεμενηκότα yes indeed, consider him who endured Hb 12:3; οὐ γάρ no, indeed! Ac 16:37 (Aristoph., Nub. 232, Ran. 58; Pla., Rep. 492e; Lucian, Jupp. Conf. 16). In weakened sense it is somet. resumptive, esp. in long periodic sentences: ηὐδόκησαν γάρ they decided, then Ro 15:27. ἐλεύθερος γὰρ ὤν though I am free, then 1 Cor 9:19 (cp. vs. 1). Sim. 2 Cor 5:4. Many questions w. γάρ have both inferential and causal force.—S. τοιγαροῦν.—CBird, Some γάρ Clauses in St Mark’s Gospel: JTS n.s. 4, ’53, 171–87.—DELG. M-M.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to trust, to rely, to obey, to be persuaded' (Il.).

Other forms: Fut. πείσομαι, aor. πιθέσθαι, πεπιθέσθαι, perf. πέποιθα (all Il.), aor. pass. πεισθῆναι, fut. - θήσομαι, perf. πέπεισ-μαι (Att.), midd. πείσασθαι (hell.), aor. ptc. πιθήσας (Il.), fut. πιθήσω (φ 369; on the explanation below s. ἀπιθής); act. πείθω, πείσω, πεπιθεῖν w. fut. πεπιθήσω, πεῖσαι (all Il.), πιθεῖν (Pi., A.), πέπεικα (young Att.) `convince, persuade'.

Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ἐπι-, παρα-, συν-. As 1. member in governing compp. like πείθ-αρχ-ος `obedient to the authorities' (A.) with - ία, - έω a.o. (Att.), Πεισί-στρατος PN; as 2. member after the σ-stems a.o. in ἀ-, εὑ-π(ε)ιθής (Thgn., A., Att.) with aor. ἀπίθ-ησε (Il.), fut. ἀπιθ-ήσω (Κ 129, Ω 300); after it the metr. easy πιθήσας with πιθήσω (diff. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 446).

Derivatives: A. From root-aorist: 1. πιστός `faithful, reliable, credible' (Il.) with πιστό-της f. `faith' (IA.), πιστ-εύω ( δια-, κατα- a.o.) `to rely, to trust, to believe, to confide' (IA.), from which - ευμα, - ευσις, - ευτικός; πιστ-όομαι ( κατα-, συν-, προ-), - όω `to trust entirely, to warrant, to assure; to make reliable' (Il.) with - ωμα, - ωσις, - ωτής, - ωτικός. 2. πίστις f. `faith, trust, authentication, assurance' (IA.) with πιστι-κός `faithful' (Plu., Vett. Val.; if not for πειστικός; s. below). 3. πιθανός `trustworthy, reliable, believable, obedient' (IA.) with πιθαν-ότης, - όω (Pl., Arist.). 4. πί-συνος `relying on somebody or something' (mostly ep. poet. Il.), prob. after θάρσυνος (Schwyzer 491, Wyss - συνη 13ff.). -- B. From present: 1. Πειθώ f. `(goddess of) persuasion, conviction, obedience' (Hes.), from there Boeot. aor. ἐπί-θωσε, - σαν (III<sup>a</sup>)?; Bechtel Dial. 1, 308 w. lit. 2. πειθός `(easily) pesuading, persuasive' (Ep. Cor.). 3. πειθήμων `obedient, persuasive' (late epic). -- C. From present resp. σ-aor. (younger): 1. πεῖσα f. `obedient' ( ἐν πείσῃ υ 23), like δόξα?; Chantraine Form. 100 a. 435, Schwyzer 516. 2. - πειστος as 2. member εὔ-, δυσανά-, ἀμετά-πειστος a.o. (Att.) opposed to older ἄπιστος. 3. πειστ-ικός `fit for persuasion, convincing' (Pl., Arist.), - ήριος `id.' (E.). 4. πεῖσ-μα n. `conviction, confidence' (Plu., Arr., S. E.), - μονή f. `id.' (Ep. Gal., pap.). 5. πεῖσις ( παρά-, κατά- πείθομαι) f. `conviction etc.' (Plot., Hdn., sch.); cf. older πίστις and Fraenkel Glotta 32, 27 w. lit. 6. πειστήρ m. `someone who obeys' (Suid.) 7. Πειστίχη f. surn. of Aphrodite (Delos; on the χ-suffix Chantraine Form. 404). -- D. From perfect: πεποίθ-ησις f. `trust' (LXX, Phld.), - ίαν ἐλπίδα, προσδοκίαν H.; cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 40.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [117] * bʰidʰ- `convince, trust'

Etymology: With πείθω agrees formally exactly the Lat. themat. root-present fīdō, - ere, IE * bheidh-ō; semant. agrees however the Lat. verb with middle πείθομαι (cf. confīsus sum). Formal identity we find also with the Germ. verb for `wait' in Goth. beidan, OHG bītan etc.; the semantic cleft ('wait (for)' from `trust' or `conform, restrain' ?) is however not yet bridged. The causative too Goth. baidjan `compel', OHG beitten etc. `urge, demand' is semantically divergent; after Specht KZ 66, 205 ff. an agreeing. Gr. *ποιθέω (to which the reduplicated aor. πεπιθεῖν) would have been replaced by act. πείθω. -- The Greek system including the nominal forms is quite explainable from itself; the various adduced nouns, esp. from Lat., like fīdus (formally = the innovated πειθός), fĭdēs, foedus (not to εὑ-πειθής or to πεῖσα), to which perh. also Alb. bē f. `oath' and OCS běda `need' (IE * bhoidhā), do not help understand the Greek forms. Quite doubtful is the connection of πιστός with Alb. besë f. `belief, treaty, faithfulness', appar. from * bhidh-tā f. (= *πιστη; Hamp KZ 77, 252f.); besë rather innovation (Jokl in W.-Hofmann). -- Further forms w. rich lit. in WP. 2, 139f., 185, Pok. 117, W.-Hofmann s. fīdō. Details on form and meaning of πείθομαι and derivv. in S. Schulz Die Wurzel πειθ- ( πιθ-) im älteren Griechischen. Diss. Bern 1952.

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ἀτακτέω (s. ἄτακτος) 1 aor. ἠτάκτησα. Of such as are not at their appointed posts or do not conform to established law or custom, hence acting with self-interest and not for the common good (s. X., Cyr. 8, 1, 22; Demosth. 3, 11; Plut., Mor. 184f; IG IV²/1, 68, 83 [IV B.C.]; PEleph 2, 13 [III B.C.]; PCairZen 596, 18; BGU 1125, 8 [13 B.C.]; POxy 275, 24f [66 A.D.]; 725, 39f) to violate prescribed or recognized order, behave inappropriately in our lit. only 2 Th 3:7 οὐκ ἠτακτήσαμεν ἐν ὑμῖν we did not treat you in a free-wheeling manner (cp. our colloq. ‘be out of line’; opp. observance of ἡσυχία vs. 12: cp. Ps.-Sotades 7:8f [Coll. Alex. p. 241] ἀτακτεῖν w. ἡσυχία). As the subsequent clause οὐδὲ δωρεὰν ἄρτον ἐφάγομαν παρά τινος indicates, Paul conforms to societal proprieties and did not act as though he were entitled to free sustenance; to support his claim, he states that he ‘worked night and day so as not to be a burden to them’. Cp. 1 Cor 10:31–11:1 (for the Gr-Rom. perspective, s. Aristot. EN 4, 15–18). The trans. be idle, lazy does not take adequate account of Gr-Rom. social history, but s. comm.; Milligan, Thess. 152ff; CSpicq, Studia Theologica 10, ’56, 1–13.—New Docs 2, 104 no. 82. DELG s.v. τάσσω. M-M. Spicq.

προσήκω (written προσhεκ-, i.e. προσἡκ-, IG12.57.15), [dialect] Dor. [full] ποθήκω GDI2151, al. (Delph.), hyperdor. [full] ποθάκω Diotog. ap. Stob. 4.1.133:—

A to have come, be at hand, be present,

χρεία προσήκει A.Pers. 143

(anap.);

ὡς φίλοι προσήκετε S.Ph. 229

, cf. OC35, El. 1142;

ἐνταῦθ' ἐλπίδος προσήκομεν E.Or. 693

; π. ὄχθαι ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμόν reach to the river, X.An.4.3.23;

τοῦ πρὸς ταῦτα -ήκοντος θεάτρου Id.HG7.4.31

.

II metaph., belong to,

εἰ τῷ ξένῳ τούτῳ προσήκει Λαΐῳ τι συγγενές S.OT 814

; τῷ γὰρ προσήκει.. τόδε; whom does this concern? Id.El. 909; Πενθεῖ δὲ τί μέρος.. προσῆκε; E.Ba. 1301;

νομίσας ἑορτὴν ἑαυτῷ τι προσήκειν Th.1.126

;

τῇ βασιλείᾳ π. οὐ ῥᾳδιουργία, ἀλλὰ καλοκἀγαθία X.Ages.11.6

, cf. Pl.R. 443a;

ὅσα τριήρεσιν προσήκει Id.Criti. 117d

, etc.; γεωργίᾳ, ναυτιλίᾳ π., appertain to.., Id.R. 527d: sts. folld. by

πρός, οὐδὲν πρὸς Πέρσας τοῦτο π. τὸ πάθος Hdt.8.100

, cf. D.C. 58.27.

b of persons, belong to, be related to (cf. infr. 111.3), τινι E.IT 550; Τηρεῖ·.. ὁ Τήρης οὗτος οὐδὲν π. Th.2.29; αὐτῇ π. Φειδίας is concerned with her, Ar. Pax 616;

προσήκετε ἡμῖν τὰ μέγιστα Th.6.84

;

π. γένει Ar.Ra. 698

: c. inf., οὐ προσήκομεν κολάζειν τοῖσδε we do not belong to them to punish, i.e. it is not for them to punish us, E.Or. 771 (troch.).

2 impers., it belongs to, concerns, freq. with neg. and gen. rei (with περί c. gen., Phld.Rh.1.202 S.), οὐδέν μοι π. τῆς αἰτίας ταύτης I have nothing to do with.., Antipho 6.33, cf. X.An.3.1.31, Cyr.8.1.37;

ἐμοὶ οὐδαμόθεν π. τούτου τοῦ πράγματος And.4.34

;

οὐδ' ὁτιοῦν π. ἑαυτοῖς οὐδενὸς τῶν Ἁγνίου D.43.20

, cf. 35.33; so with a question, τί οὖν π. δῆτ' ἐμοὶ Κορινθίων; Ar.Av. 969, cf. X.Mem.4.5.10, etc.; προσήκει [τισὶ] οἰκείου τινὸς ἀγαθοῦ they possess a peculiar excellence, Dam.Pr.34.

b c. dat. pers. et inf., it belongs to, beseems,

οἷς προσῆκε πενθῆσαι A.Ch. 173

;

οὔ σοι προσήκει τήνδε προσφωνεῖν φάτιν S.El. 1213

;

τοὐναντίον δρῶν ἢ προσῆκ' αὐτῷ ποιεῖν Ar.Pl.14

;

ἀγαθοῖς ὑμῖν π. εἶναι X. An.3.2.11

, cf. Pl.Phdr. 233a; cf. infr. 111.4: c.acc. pers., οὔ σε προσήκει.. λέγειν' tis not meet that thou.., A.Ag. 1551 (anap.), cf. E.Or. 1071, Pl.Grg. 491d, X.An.3.2.15 (the [tense] impf. προσῆκεν is said to be used for προσήκει in 7.7.18, Eq.12.14: [dialect] Att. usage, acc. to Thom.Mag.p.287 R.): sts. the two constructions are combined,

προσήκει τοῖς μὲν ἄλλοις.. στέργειν, σὲ δὲ.. νομίζειν Isoc.5.127

: sts. the inf. is supplied, ἑκάστῳ (v.l. ἕκαστος)

ἀπολοφυράμενοι ὃν π. [ἀπολοφύρασθαι] ἄπιτε Th.2.46

;

ἐγὼ δὲ πάνθ' ὅσα π. τὸν ἀγαθὸν πολίτην [πράττειν] ἔπραττον D.18.180

, cf. 23.164, Isoc.15.119, X.Mem.2.1.32.

III freq. in Part. as Adj.,

1 belonging to one,

αἰτία οὐδὲν ἐμοὶ προσήκουσα D.21.110

, cf. Antipho 5.2; μηθενὶ μηθὲν ποθήκουσα, of a slave, GDI l.c.: c.gen., ἐν τοῖς τοῦ πράγματος ἑκάστοις προσήκουσιν all that belongs to his business, Pl.Lg. 643b: abs., τὰς οὐ προσηκούσας ἁμαρτίας not his own faults, Antipho 3.2.10; τὰ μὴ π. ([etym.] ἀλλότρια)

ἐπικτωμένους Th.4.61

;

οἱ π. ξύμμαχοι Id.1.40

, etc.

2 befitting, proper, meet, π. ἐγκλήματα ibid., Hyp. Eux.24;

ἡ π. σωτηρία Th.6.83

;

τὸ π. ἑκάστῳ ἀποδιδόναι Pl.R. 332c

;

τιμαί Id.Lg. 952c

, cf.Epin. 985d;

ἔλεος D.21.196

, etc.: τὰ π. what is fit, seemly, εἰπεῖν περὶ Κύρου τὰ π. X.Cyr.3.3.1; τὰ π. πράττειν to do one's duty, Id.Mem.1.1.12, etc.;

τὰ π. ἔργα Id.HG3.4.16

; also τὸ προσῆκον fitness, propriety, ἐκτὸς τοῦ π. E.Heracl. 214; πέρα τοῦ π. Antipho 5.1; μακρότερα τοῦ π. Pl.Cra. 413a; μᾶλλον τοῦ π. Id.Lg. 697c; παρὰ τὸ π. Id.Phlb. 36d, Thphr.Char.17.1; κατὰ τὸ π. Plu.2. 122a; so

οὐκ ἐκ προσηκόντων Th.3.67

: c. inf., προσήκοντα ἀκοῦσαι σοφίσματα fit to hear, Pl.R. 496a;

λόγοι π. ἀκούειν Id.Lg. 811d

.

3 of persons, akin,

τὸ ἀνέκαθεν τοῖσι Κυψελίδῃσι ἦν προσήκων Hdt.6.128

, cf. A.Ch. 689;

γένει προσήκων βασιλεῖ X.An.1.6.1

;

οἱ προσήκοντες γένει E.Med. 1304

, cf. Pl.Lg. 874a; κατὰ γένος, διὰ συγγένειαν, Plu. Thes.19, Cat.Mi.14, etc.;

οἱ προσήκοντες τῷ νεκρῷ Hdt.4.14

, cf. X. HG1.7.21, etc.; οἱ προσήκοντές οἱ his relations, Hdt.1.216; also

οἱ π. τινός Th.1.128

, Lys.18.1, Pl.Ap. 34b;

οἱ μάλιστα π. Hdt.3.24

;

πατέρας καὶ ἀδελφοὺς καὶ ἄλλους τοὺς π. Pl.Ap. 33d

; [dialect] Dor. οἱ ποθίκοντες Orac. ap. D.43.66: hence αἱ προσήκουσαι ἀρεταί hereditary fair fame, Th.4.92.

b οὐδὲν προσήκων one who has nothing to do with the matter, Pl.R. 539d; οὐδὲν προσῆκον ἐνίοις though there is no connexion in some cases, Id.Cra. 397b: c. inf., θεὸν.. οὐδὲν προσήκοντ' ἐν γόοις παραστατεῖν having no concern with assisting one in sorrows, A.Ag. 1079; πρὸς τοὺς μὴ προσήκοντας (sc. ὀλιγωρίας τυγχάνειν) Arist.Rh. 1379b12.

4 abs. in neut., οὐ προσῆκον though or since it is not fitting, Th.3.40;

οὐδὲν π... ἐπιτάσσειν Id.6.82

, cf. 84: without a neg., prob. in Hyp.Dem.Fr.10;

ὡς π. αὐτοῖς χρῆσθαι Pl.Tht. 196e

.

ἐνιαυτός, οῦ, ὁ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En; TestJud, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 15, 378, C. Ap. 1, 157; Just., A I, 57, 2; Theoph. Ant. I, 4 [p. 64, 19])

① a period of one year, year Rv 9:15; ἐ. καὶ μῆνας ἕξ a year and a half Ac 18:11; cp. Js 5:17 (GKittel, Rabbinica 1920, 31–35). ἀρχιερεὺς τοῦ ἐ. ἐκείνου high priest for that year J 11:49, 51; 18:13 (s. UHolzmeister, ZKT 44, 1920, 306–12.—The supposition that there was a different high priest every year holds good for Asia Minor [IBM III, 498; s. CBrandis, Pauly-W. II 475] and for Syria [Lucian, Syr. D. 42], but not for Jerusalem). ποιεῖν ἐ. spend a year Js 4:13 (cp. Pr 13:23; TestJud 10:4). πρῶτος ἐ. first year of one’s life GJs 6:2.—In acc. in answer to the question ‘how long?’ (Thu. et al.): ὅλον ἐ. for a whole year Ac 11:26; Hs 6, 4, 4; ὅλον τὸν ἐ. the whole year through Hs 6, 5, 4; ἅπαξ τοῦ ἐ. once a year Hb 9:7 (Ex 30:10; Lev 16:34; cp. Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 306). μέχρι ἐνιαυτοῦ for as long as a year Hs 6, 5, 3. κατʼ ἐνιαυτόν every year, annually (Thu. 1, 93, 3 al.; oft. ins; UPZ 122, 6 [157 B.C.] of an annual pilgrimage; LXX; EpArist 180) Hb 9:25; 10:1, 3; B 10:6. Also παρʼ ἐνιαυτόν B 10:7 (Diod S 4, 65, 1; SIG 193, 14 [IV B.C.] παρὰ τὸν ἐ. ἕκαστον).

② more gener. a period of time other than a calendar year, year (Aristoph., Ran. 347; Pla., Leg. 10, 906c; Diod S 38 + 39 Fgm. 5: God has ordained eight ages; each one is an ἐνιαυτὸς μέγας; Jos., Ant. 1, 106 ὁ μέγας ἐνιαυτός consists of 600 years), of the age of salvation brought by the Messiah ἐ. κυρίου δεκτός Lk 4:19; B 14:9 (both Is 61:2.—Cp. also Phlegon: 257 Fgm. 1, 9 Jac., where Pythia announces the coming of a rather long period of time as φιλόφρων ἐνιαυτός).

③ The mng. of ἐ. in the combination καιροὶ καὶ ἐνιαυτοί Gal 4:10 is not certain. It could be an allusion to the so-called ‘sabbatical years’ (Lev 25), but it may also signify certain days of the year (SIG² 438, 162 [c. 400 B.C.]), such as the New Year festival. GBarton, JBL 23, 1914, 118–26.—B. 1012. DELG. M-M. EDNT. Sv.

φῐλί-α, [dialect] Ion. -ιη, ἡ, ([etym.] φιλέω)

A affectionate regard, friendship (not in A. or S.), usu. betw. equals,

ἄνδρεσσι κακοῖς συνθέμενοι φ. Thgn.306

, IG12.1037;

ἐπαγγέλλεσθαι φ. Hdt.7.130

;

εἰς ἀλλήλους φιλίας ἀνακίρνασθαι E.Hipp. 254

(anap.), cf. Democr.109, al., Hippias 17, Antipho Soph.64 (pl.), And.3.29, Pl.Smp. 179c, etc.; φιλίας, inscr. on a bowl (perh. loving-cup), BSA32.194 (Haliartus, Hellenistic), etc.; ἡ τῆς ψυχῆς φ. διὰ τὸ ἁγνὴ εἶναι, opp. ἔρως, X.Smp.8.15, cf. Pl.Phdr. 255e; opp. ἔχθρα, Isoc.1.33, Plot.3.2.2;

ἡ φ. τοῦ κόσμου ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν Ep.Jac.4.4

; opp. μῖσος, Isoc.15.122;

φ. θεῶν καὶ ἀνθρώπων Pl.Smp. 188d

; of family affection, X.Hier.3.7 (pl.); ἐν ταῖς φ. in the family circle, Arist.Po. 1453b19; of the regard of dependents towards their superiors, X.An.1.6.3;

φ. ἡ πρὸς τὸν δῆμον Isoc.16.28

; of friendship between States,

ἐχρημάτισε περὶ φιλίας τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις Th.5.5

;

φ. καὶ ξυμμαχία Id.6.34

; τῆς φ. ἀφέσθαι, τὴν φ. διαλύσασθαι, of communities, Isoc.6.11, 14.33: various εἴδη distd. by Arist.EN 1156a7 ff.; by the Stoics, Stoic.3.24, 27, 181: phrases,

φ. πρός τινας ποιήσασθαι X.Mem.2.6.29

;

παρά τινων φ. λαβεῖν Id.Cyr.3.1.28

;

τισὶ διὰ φιλίας ἰέναι Id.An.3.2.8

; εἰς φ. ἰτέον, ἔρχεται, Pl.Phdr. 237c, Ly. 214d;

ἔστιν ἡμῖν ἐν φ. PMich.Zen.33.3

(iii B. C.);

ἀνανεούμενος τὴν φ. καὶ ζενίαν τὴν πρότερον ὑπάρχουσαν Isoc.Ep.7.13

;

προλιπόνθ' ἡμετέρην φ. Thgn.1102

;

ἔλιπε φ. E.Alc. 930

(lyr.);

τῆς φ. ἐξίστασθαί τινι Lys.8.18

: with Preps.,

διὰ φιλίας Pl.Plt. 304e

;

μετὰ φιλίας X. Mem.1.2.10

; διὰ φιλίαν, v. infr.;

κατὰ φιλίαν Pl.Lg. 823b

:—the person is commonly expressed by πρός τινα, Isoc.5.32;

πρὸς ἀλλήλους Id.9.57

, etc.; less freq.

εἰς ἀλλήλους E.Hipp.

(v. supr.); also by object. gen., διὰ φιλίαν αὐτοῦ through friendship for him, Th.1.91; φ. ξυνετοῦ friendship with a wise man, Democr.98; so ἡμετέρη φ. friendship with us, Thgn.600, 1102 (v. supr.), Isoc.6.11 (v. supr.);

φιλία ἡ σή X.An.7.7.29

, E Or.138, etc.: pl.,

φ. ἰσχυραί Hdt.3.82

, Pl. Smp. 182c.

2 friendliness, amiability,

φ. ἄνευ τοῦ στέργειν Arist. EN 1126b22

, cf. 1108a28.

3 later, of lovers, fondness, LXXPr.5.19, Lyr.Alex.Adesp.1.8, AP5.266 (Agath.).

4 c. gen., of things, fondness, liking for,

κέρδους Pl.R. 581a

; [ τῶν ἀρχῶν] Arist.Cael. 306a12.

5 the natural force which unites discordant elements and movements, opp. νεῖκος, Emp.18, al., Isoc.15.268.

II Pythag. name for three, Theol.Ar.16 (not for six, Iamb. In Nic. p.34 P.).

δεσμωτήριον, ου, τό (Hdt., Thu. et al., also pap since III B.C., LXX, En, Philo; Jos., Bell. 4, 385, C. Ap. 2, 247; Just., A II, 2, 11; Mel., P. 48) place for detention (prisons in the Rom. world were ordinarily used for temporary custody to prevent escape pending sentencing, not for rehabilitation; Rom. law did not permit the chaining of free citizens) prison, jail Mt 11:2 (a longer detention for political reasons); Ac 5:21, 23; 16:26; παραδοθῆναι εἰς δ. be thrown into prison Hs 9, 28, 7.—S. οἴκημα 2. BAFCS III passim; on honor-shame implications, s. 283–312. Kl. Pauly I 1496–97. DELG s.v. δέω 1 p. 270. M-M. TW.

φωνή, ῆς, ἡ (s. prec. entry; Hom.+).

① an auditory effect, sound, tone, noise the source of which is added in the gen.: of musical instruments (Pla., Rep. 3, 397a ὀργάνων; Eur., Tro. 127 συρίγγων; Plut., Mor. 713c ψαλτηρίου καὶ αὐλοῦ; Aristoxenus, Fgm. 6; Paus. Attic. α, 169; Ex 19:16, Is 18:3 and PsSol 8:1 σάλπιγγος; cp. ParJer 3:2; Is 24:8 κιθάρας; Aristobul. in Eus., PE 8, 10, 13=p. 144, 94f Holladay) σάλπιγγος Mt 24:31 v.l.; D 16:6. φωναὶ τῆς σάλπιγγος blasts of the trumpet Rv 8:13b; or of those who play them κιθαρῳδῶν 14:2d; 18:22a; cp. 10:7. Of the noise made by a millstone 18:22b. Of a shout produced by a crowd of people φωνὴ ὄχλου πολλοῦ 19:1, 6a (cp. Da 10:6 Theod.; also λαοῦ πολλοῦ PsSol 8:2). Of the sound caused by spoken words (Da 10:9; Just., D. 131, 2 μηδὲ μέχρι φωνῆς) ἡ φωνὴ τοῦ ἀσπασμοῦ σου Lk 1:44. φωνὴ ῥημάτων sound of words Hb 12:19. Cp. 1 Cl 27:7 (Ps 18:4). ἔσομαι φωνή I will be just a meaningless sound (in contrast to Ignatius functioning as a λόγος θεοῦ [=meaningful expression of God] if his adherents abstain from pleas in his behalf) IRo 2:1 (s. ἠχώ). Abs. of the sound made by a wail of sorrow (cp. TestJob 40:9; TestIss 1:4) Mt 2:18 (Jer 38:15). μεγάλη φωνὴ ἐγένετο ἐν τ. οὐρανῷ GPt 9:35.—Of musical instruments it is said that they φωνὴν διδόναι produce sound (in ref. to mere sonant capability in contrast to distinguishable notes) 1 Cor 14:7f.—In Rv we have ἀστραπαὶ καὶ φωναὶ καὶ βρονταί (cp. Ex 19:16) 4:5; 8:5; 11:19; 16:18 (are certain other sounds in nature thought of here in addition to thunder, as e.g. the roar of the storm? In Ex 19:16 φωναὶ κ. ἀστραπαί are surely thunder and lightning. But in Ex 9:23, 28; 1 Km 12:18 the mng. of φωναί remains unclear. Cp. also Esth 1:1d φωναί, βρονταί).—Freq. in imagery: of wind sound J 3:8; cp. Ac 2:6. Of thunderclap (1 Km 7:10; GrBar 6:13) Rv 6:1; 14:2c; 19:6c. Of roar of water (Ezk 1:24b) 1:15b; 14:2b; 19:6b. Of whirring of wings (Ezk 1:24a) 9:9a. Of the clatter of chariots 9:9 b (cp. Ezk 3:13; 26:10).

② the faculty of utterance, voice (Tat. 15:3 προύχει τῶν θηρίων ὁ ἄνθρωπος κατὰ τὴν ἔναρθον φωνήν=humankind excels beasts in articulate utterance)

ⓐ gener. of sonant aspect: any form of speech or other utterance w. the voice can take place μετὰ φωνῆς μεγάλης Lk 17:15; ἐν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ Rv 5:2; 14:7, 9; mostly φωνῇ μεγάλῃ (TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 20f [Stone p. 12]; ParJer 2:2; Achilles Tat. 8, 1, 1; SibOr 3, 669; 5, 63) Mt 27:46, 50; Mk 1:26; 5:7; 15:34; Lk 1:42 v.l. (s. κραυγή 1b); 4:33; 8:28; 19:37; J 11:43; Ac 7:57, 60; 8:7; Rv 6:10; 7:2, 10 al.; IPhld 7:1a. μεγάλῃ τῇ φωνῃ (Diod S 1, 70, 5; 8, 23, 3; Lucian, Hist. Conscr. 1, Tim. 9; ParJer 9:8; Jos., Bell. 6, 188) Ac 14:10 v.l. 26:24; ἐν ἰσχυρᾷ φωνῇ Rv 18:2. ἐν φωνῇ μιᾷ IEph 4:2; μιᾷ φ. (Pla., Laws 1, 634e; Diod S 11, 9, 3; 11, 26, 6; 19, 81, 2; Ael. Aristid. 24, 4 K.=44 p. 825 D.; Lucian, Nigr. 14) ApcPt 5:19.—αἴρειν φωνήν (αἴρω 1b) Lk 17:13; πρός τινα Ac 4:24. ἐπαίρειν φωνήν (ParJer 9:14; s. ἐπαίρω 1) Lk 11:27; Ac 2:14; 14:11; 22:22; AcPl Ha 6, 33. ἀκούειν τῆς φωνῆς τινος hear someone speaking or calling (TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 10 [Stone p. 62]; TestJob 42:3; TestJos 9:4; ParJer 3:10) J 5:25, 28; 10:3; Hb 3:7, 15; 4:7 (the last three Ps 94:7); w. a neg. and acc. (φωνήν) Mt 12:19 (cp. Is 42:2); J 5:37. The same expr.=listen to someone’s speech or call, follow someone (Gen 3:17) 10:16, 27; 18:37; Rv 3:20; B 8:7; cp. 9:2 (s. Ex 15:26).—(ἡ) φωνὴ (τοῦ) νυμφίου (cp. Jer 25:10) J 3:29 (cp. Arrian, Cyneg. 17, 1 the dogs χαίρουσιν τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ δεσπότου γνωρίζουσαι); Rv 18:23.

ⓑ voice as it varies from individual to individual or fr. one mood to another (X., An. 2, 6, 9; Gen 27:22; Tat. 5:2) ἐπιγνοῦσα τὴν φωνὴν τοῦ Πέτρου Ac 12:14. Cp. J 10:4f (s. Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 320, horses). ἤθελον ἀλλάξαι τὴν φωνήν μου Gal 4:20 (ἀλλάσσω 1; φωνή=tone: Diod. S 8, 5, 4 πᾶσαν φωνήν=every variation in tone; Artem. 4, 56 p. 235, 15).

ⓒ that which the voice gives expression to: call, cry, outcry, loud or solemn declaration (Sb 7251, 21 [III/IV A.D.]=order, command) ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἀφεὶς φωνὴν μεγάλην Mk 15:37. φωνὴ ἐγένετο μία a single outcry arose Ac 19:34 (cp. Jos., Vi. 133). Cp. 22:14; 24:21. Pl. (Ael. Aristid. 52, 3 K.=28 p. 551 D.: ἦσαν φωναί; Jos., Vi. 231, Ant. 15, 52) φωναὶ μεγάλαι loud cries Lk 23:23a; cp. 23b. ἐλάλησαν αἱ βρονταὶ τὰς ἑαυτῶν φωνάς the thunders sounded forth their crashing peals Rv 10:3b. θεοῦ φωνὴ (D φωναί) καὶ οὐκ ἀνθρώπου (this is) the utterance of a god and not of a mere mortal Ac 12:22 (Just., D. 119, 6 τῇ φωνῇ τοῦ θεοῦ; cp. 21, 1 αἱ φωναὶ αὐτοῦ; Plut., Mor. 567f: a divine φωνή sounds forth fr. a φῶς μέγα that appears suddenly; Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 11 D.: Πυθίας φωνή; Epict. 3, 23, 20 ἰδοὺ φωναὶ φιλοσόφου; 3, 22, 50; Biogr. p. 454 people received sayings of Hippocr. ὡς θεοῦ φωνὰς κ. οὐκ ἀνθρωπίνου προελθούσας ἐκ στόματος). φωνὴ ἐνεχθεῖσα αὐτῷ a declaration (was) borne to him 2 Pt 1:17; cp. vs. 18. Also of sayings in scripture αἱ φωναὶ τῶν προφητῶν Ac 13:27 (Ath. 9, 1; cp. Diod S 19, 1, 4 ἡ Σόλωνος φωνή; 20, 30, 2 τῆς τοῦ μάντεως [=τοῦ δαιμονίου] φωνῆς; Diog. L. 8, 14 sayings of Pythagoras). Of apostolic tradition τὰ παρὰ ζώσης φωνῆς καὶ μενούσης Papias (2:4) (s. ζάω, end; on Papias’ ‘living voice’ s. ABaum, NTS 44, ’98, 144–51).

ⓓ In accordance w. OT and Jewish usage gener. (s. Bousset, Rel.³ 315. The Socratic δαιμόνιον [=ὁ θεός Ep. 1, 7] is called ἡ φωνή: Socrat., Ep. 1, 9 [p. 222, 34 Malherbe] τὸ δαιμόνιόν μοι, ἡ φωνή, γέγονεν, cp. Pla., Apol. 31d) ‘the voice’ oft. speaks, though the (heavenly) speaker neither appears nor is mentioned (cp. PGM 3, 119 ἐξορκίζω σε κατὰ τῆς ἑβραικῆς φωνῆς.—In most cases the divine voice is differentiated fr. the divinity: Theopompus [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 69 Jac. [in Diog. L. 1, 115] when Epimenides wishes to build τὸ τῶν Νυμφῶν ἱερόν: ῥαγῆναι φωνὴν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ‘Ἐπιμενίδη, μὴ Νυμφῶν, ἀλλὰ Διός’=[when E. was building] a shrine for the Nymphs: a voice cried out from heaven, “Epimenides! Not for the Nymphs, but for Zeus!”; Plut., Mor. 355e; 775b; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 28, 2 Lycurgus receives the laws ὑπὸ τῆς θεοῦ φωνῆς in Delphi; Artapanus; 726 Fgm. 3, 21 Jac. [in Eus., PE 9, 27, 21]; Jos., Ant. 1, 185 φ. θεία παρῆν; 3, 90 φ. ὑψόθεν; cp. 2, 267) ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα (on the voice fr. heaven s. the lit. s.v. βαπτίζω 2a; also JKosnetter, D. Taufe Jesu ’36, esp. 140–90, and FDölger, Ac V/3, ’36, 218–23) Mt 3:17; cp. 17:5. ἦλθεν φ. (ἐκ) Mk 9:7 v.l.; J 12:28; 30 v.l. (TestAbr A 10 p. 88, 15 [Stone p. 24] al.; cp. Ps. Callisth, 1, 45, 2f ἦλθεν φωνὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀδύτου the divine saying follows in direct discourse). ἐξῆλθεν φ. Rv 16:17 (ἐκ); 19:5 (ἀπό τοῦ θρόνου). γίνεται (ἐγένετο) φ. (ἐκ: Plut., Agis et Cleom. 807 [28, 3]: φωνὴν ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ γενέσθαι φράζουσαν; Ael. Aristid. 40, 22 K.=5 p. 62 D.: φωνῆς θείας γενομένης … ἐκ τοῦ μητρῴου [=temple of the Mother of the Gods]) Mk 1:11; 9:7; Lk 3:22; 9:35f; J 12:30 (v.l. ἦλθεν; s. above); Ac 10:13, 15 (both πρὸς αὐτόν); MPol 9:1a; GEb 18, 37 (verb of origin understood), cp. ibid. ln. 38; ἐγένετο φ. κυρίου Ac 7:31 (cp. Jos., Vi. 259 ἐγένοντο φωναί). ἀπεκρίθη φ. ἐκ τ. οὐρανοῦ 11:9; ἦχος φωνῆς μοι ἀπεκρίθη Hv 4, 1, 4. ἀκούειν φωνήν hear a voice (also w. such additions as λέγουσαν, ἐκ w. gen. of place, μεγάλην, gen. of the speaker) Ac 9:4; 22:9; 26:14; Rv 6:6f; 9:13; 10:4, 8; 12:10; 14:2; 18:4; MPol 9:1b; EpilMosq 4; φωνῆς w. the same mng. (w. corresp. additions) Ac 9:7; 11:7; 22:7 (MMeyer, The Light and Voice on the Damascus Road: Forum 2, ’86, 27–35 [Nag Hammadi pp. 30–32]); Rv 11:12; 14:13; 16:1; 21:3; GPt 10:41. Paul speaks διὰ φωνῆς πνεύματος ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 5.

ⓔ special cases: ἐπέστρεψα βλέπειν τὴν φωνὴν ἥτις ἐλάλει μετʼ ἐμοῦ I turned around to see (to whom) the voice that was speaking to me (belonged) Rv 1, 12 (cp. X., Hell. 5, 1, 22 σκεψόμενοι τίς ἡ κραυγή; Aesop 248b H.=141 P.=146 H-H. ἐπεστράφη πρὸς τὴν φ.). φ. βοῶντος ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ (it is) the voice of one calling out in the wilderness (Is 40:3; cp. En 9:2; Jos., Bell. 6, 301) Mt 3:3; Mk 1:3; Lk 3:4. Referring to Is 40:3, John the Baptist applies its words to himself J 1:23 the voice of one calling out in the wilderness (Ael. Aristid. 49, 5 K.=25 p. 489 D.: φ. λέγοντός του ‘τεθεράπευσαι’; Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 1 p. 364a φωνὴ βοῶντός του).—B 9:3.

③ a verbal code shared by a community to express ideas and feelings, language (Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.; Cebes 33, 6; Aelian, VH 12, 48; Herodian 5, 3, 4; Diog. L. 8, 3; SEG VIII, 548, 17 [I B.C.]; PLond I, 77, 13 p. 232 [Christ. VIII A.D.]; PGM 12, 188 πᾶσα γλῶσσα κ. πᾶσα φωνή; Gen 11:1; Dt 28:49; 2 Macc 7:8, 21, 27; 4 Macc 12:7; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 1; 50; 73 al.; Just., A I, 31, 1; Tat. 37, 1; Mel., P. 29, 199) 1 Cor 14:10f; 2 Pt 2:16 (an animal w. ἀνθρώπου φ. as Appian, Bell. Civ. 4:4 §14 βοῦς φωνὴν ἀφῆκεν ἀνθρώπου; schol. on Appolon. Rhod. 2, 1146 ὁ κριὸς ἀνθρωπίνῃ χρησάμενος φωνῇ; sim. TestAbr A 3 p. 79, 19 [Stone p. 6]; sim. TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 10 [St. p. 62] a tree; ParJer 7:2 an eagle; Philo, Op. M. 156); Dg 5:1. ὁ λέων εἶπεν μιᾷ φωνῇ AcPlHa 5, 4 (on the probability that μια was misread for θεια s. the editor’s note, p. 41, 4).—B. 1248; 1260. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

χάρις [pron. full] [ᾰ], ἡ, gen. χάρῐτος: acc. χάριν [ῑ in arsi, Il.5.874], etc.; also

A

χάριτα Hdt.6.41

, 9.107, E.El.61, Hel. 1378, X.HG3.5.16, Phylarch. 24 J., PGen.47.17 (iv A.D.), etc. (un-Attic, acc. to Moer.p.414P.): χάριταν Gloss.: pl. χάριτες; dat. χάρισι, χαρίτεσσι, Od.6.237, Il. 17.51, Pi.O.7.93: ([etym.] χαίρω):— grace:

I in objective sense, outward grace or fauour, beauty, prop. of persons or their portraits,

θεσπεσίην δ' ἄρα τῷ γε χάριν κατεχεύατ' Ἀθήνη Od.2.12

, etc.;

χάριν ἀμφιχέαι κεφαλῇ Hes.Op.65

;

εὐμόρφων δὲ κολοσσῶν ἔχθεται χ. ἀνδρί A.Ag. 417

(lyr.): pl., graces,

κάλλεϊ καὶ χάρισι στίλβων Od.6.237

;

ὄσσοις χάριτας Ἀφροδίτης ἔχων E.Ba. 236

;

μετὰ χαρίτων

gracefully,

Th.2.41

: less freq. of things, χ. δ' ἀπελάμπετο πολλή, of ear-rings, Il.14.183; of works,

ἔργοισι χάριν καὶ κῦδος ὀπάζει Od.15.320

; of words,

οὔ οἱ χ. ἀμφιπεριστέφεται ἐπέεσσιν 8.175

; πλείστη δὲ χ. κατὰ μέτρον ἰούσης [γλώσσης] Hes.Op. 720;

ταὶ Διωνύσου σὺν βοηλάτα χάριτες διθυράμβῳ Pi.O.13.19

;

ἡ τῶν λόγων χ. D.4.38

, cf. D.H. Comp.23;

μῦθοι πληθόμενοι χαρίτων AP9.186

(Antip.Thess.).

2 glory,

Φερενίκου χ. Pi.O.1.18

, cf. 8.57,80.

II in subjective sense, grace or favour felt, whether on the part of the doer or the receiver (both senses appear in such phrases as

ὅτ'.. ἡ χάρις χάριν φέροι S.OC 779

;

χάρις χάριν γάρ ἐστιν ἡ τίκτουσ' ἀεί Id.Aj. 522

, cf. E.Hel. 1234, Arist.Rh. 1385a16):

1 on the part of the doer, grace, kindness, goodwill, τινος for or towards one, Hes.Op. 190;

τῶν Μεσσηνίων χάριτι πεισθείς Th.3.95

; οὐ χάριτι τῇ ἐμῇ not for any kind feeling towards me, Antipho 5.41: abs.,

εἰ δέ τις μείζων χ. A. Supp. 960

;

τῆς παλαιᾶς χ. ἐκβεβλημένη S.Aj. 808

; ἦ μεγάλα χ. δώρῳ

σύν ὀλίγῳ Theoc.28.24

;

χ. εὑρεῖν ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ LXX Ge.6.8

, al.;

χάριν ἔχειν πρὸς τὸν δῆμον Plu.Dem.7

; partiality, favour,

μήτε ἔλεον μήτε συγγνώμην μήτε χ. μηδεμίαν περὶ πλείονος ποιήσασθαι τῶν νόμων Lys.14.40

;

οὐ συμφωνοῦσιν ὀργαὶ καὶ χάριτες μακαριότητι Epicur. Ep.

ip.28 U., cf. Pl.Lg. 740c.

2 more freq. on the part of the receiver, sense of favour received, thankfulness, gratitude,

χάριν καὶ κῦδος ἄροιο Il.4.95

;

ἀρέομαι πὰρ Σαλαμῖνος Ἀθαναίων χ. Pi.P.1.76

; τινος for a thing,

οὐδέ τίς ἐστι χάρις μετόπισθ' εὐεργέων Od.4.695

, cf. 22.319;

ἀντὶ πόνων χ. Th.4.86

: less freq. c. inf., οὐκ ἄρα τις χάρις ἦεν μάρνασθαι one has, it seems, no thanks for fighting, Il.9.316, 17.147;

οἵ οἱ ἀπεμνήσαντο χ. εὐεργεσιάων Hes.Th. 503

, cf. Th.1.137;

χάριν φέρειν τινί Pi.O.10(11).17

;

χ. τροφεῦσιν ἀμείβων A.Ag. 728

(lyr.);

φιλότητος ἀμειβόμεναι χ. S.El. 134

(lyr.); χάριν εἰδέναι τινί to acknowledge a sense of favour, feel grateful, once in Hom.,

ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι ἰδέω χ. ἤματα πάντα Il.14.235

; freq. in Prose, Hdt.3.21, Lys.2.23, Isoc.4.175, etc.; τούτων for a thing, X.Cyr.1.6.11, etc.;

τοῖς διαπεπραγμένοις Plu.Alex.62

;

μοι χ. οἶδεν ἐπὶ τούτοις Luc.

Bis Acc.17;

χ. προσειδέναι Pl.Ap. 20a

;

ἀποδιδόναι Id.R. 338a

;

τινὰ ἀποστερῆσαι χάριτος Id.Hp.Mi. 372c

; later

χ. γνῶναι Philostr.VA2.17

;

πολλὴν γνοῦσα χ. X.Eph.3.5

;

χ. ἐπίσταμαι πᾶσι Charito 3.4

, cf. 8.5, Poll.5.142, Jul.Or.8.246c; also

τῶν παροιχομένων ἔχειν σφι μεγάλην χ. Hdt.7.120

, cf. 1.71, E.Heracl. 767 (lyr.), IT 847 (lyr.), Lys.16.1, Hyp.Ath.5: c. part.,

χ. ἔχειν σωθέντες X.An.2.5.14

; also χάριτας ἔχων πατρός owing him a debt of gratitude, E.Or. 244: but ἀσπασμάτων χάριν τίν' ἕξει; what thanks will she have for.. ? Id.Hec. 830;

χ. ἂν ἐν τούτῳ μείζω ἔτι ἔσχεν Th.8.87

; χ. ὀφείλειν to owe gratitude, be beholden,

τοῖς θεοῖς S.Ant. 331

, cf. X.Cyr.3.2.30;

προσοφείλειν D.3.31

;

χ. οὐδεμία ἐφαίνετο πρὸς Ἀθηναίων Hdt.5.90

; χάριν ἀθάνατον καταθέσθαι to lay up a store of undying gratitude, Id.7.178, cf. 6.41;

τῇ πόλει χ. καταθέσθαι Antipho 5.61

, cf. Th.1.33; χάριν λαβεῖν τινος receive thanks from one, S.OT 1004, etc.;

ἀπολαβεῖν παρά τινων Lys.20.31

; τινος for a thing, X.Mem.2.2.5, Aeschin.2.4;

διπλῆν ἐξ ἐμοῦ κτήσει χάριν S.Ph. 1370

;

κἀπ' ἐμοῦ κτήσει χ. Id.Tr. 471

;

κομίσασθαι χ. Th.3.58

;

χάριτος τυχεῖν Lycurg. 135

;

ἀπέχειν χάριτας Call.Epigr.51.4

, etc.; τοῖς θεοῖς χάρις (sc. ἐστί) ὅτι .., thank the gods that.., X.An.3.3.14, Cyr.7.5.72;

χ. τινί τινος Luc.Tim.36

;

τινὶ ὑπέρ τινος Plu.2.1122a

.

3 favour, influence, opp. force,

χάριτι τὸ πλέον ἢ φόβῳ Th.1.9

; χ. καὶ δεήσει, opp. ἀπειλῇ, Plu.Sull.38.

4 love-charm, philtre, Luc. Alex.5, Merc.Cond.40.

III in concrete sense, a favour done or returned, boon, χάριν φέρειν τινί confer a favour on one, do a thing to oblige him, Il.5.211, 874, 9.613, Od.5.307, E.IT14, Or. 239, And.2.24 (so in [voice] Med., of the recipient, ib.9);

ἄλλοις χ. φέροντες Th.3.54

; χάριν θέσθαι or τίθεσθαί τινι, Hdt.9.60, 107, A. Pr. 782, E.Hec. 1211, etc.;

προσθέσθαι S.OC 767

;

χ. ὑπουργῆσαί τινι A.Pr. 635

;

παρασχεῖν S.OC 1183

;

πράσσειν E. Ion36

, 896 (lyr.);

δράσας Th.2.40

; ἀνύσαι prob. in S.Tr. 995 (anap.);

νέμειν Id.Aj. 1371

;

χ. δοῦναί τινι A.Pr. 821

, S.OC 1489 (but χ. δοῦναι, = χαρίζεσθαι (1.2), indulge, humour, ὀργῇ ib. 855;

γαστρί Cratin.317

); χ. χαρίζεσθαι, v. χαρίζομαι 1.1: χ. ἀνθυπουργεῖν return a favour, S.Fr. 339;

τίνειν A.Pr. 985

, Ag. 821;

χάριτας πατρῴας ἐκτίνων E.Or. 453

, cf. Pl. Mx. 242c, etc.;

χ. ἀποδιδόναι τινί Lys.12.60

, 28.17;

ἀντί τινος X.Ages.2.29

;

ὑπέρ τινος Isoc.4.56

;

τῶν ἔργων τὰς χάριτας ἀποδ. τινί Lys.31.24

;

χάριτας ἀντιδιδόναι Th.3.63

; opp. χάριν ἀπαιτεῖν to ask the repayment of a boon, E.Hec. 276, cf. Lys.18.23, D.20.156;

χάριτας ἀπ. Lycurg.139

;

χάριν ἐξαιτεῖσθαι S.OC 586

; χ. ἀποστερεῖν withhold a return for what one has received, Pl.Grg. 520c; τὰς αὑτοῦ εἰς τοὺς φίλους χ. the favours one has done them, Id.Lg. 729d; χ. ἄχαρις α thankless favour, one which receives, or deserves, no thanks, A.Pr. 545 (lyr.);

χ. ἀχάριτος Id.Ch.42

(lyr.), E.Ph. 1757 (lyr.).

b grant made in legal form, POxy.273.14 (i A.D.), PGrenf.2.70.5 (iii A.D.), etc.; αἱ τῶν Σεβαστῶν χ. imperial grants, OGI669.44 (Egypt, i A.D.).

2 esp. in erotic sense, of favours granted (v.

χαρίζομαι 1.3

),

ἀλόχου χάριν ἰδεῖν Il.11.243

, cf. A.Ag. 1206: more freq. in pl., X.Hier.1.34, 7.6, etc.; βίᾳ δ' ἔπραξας χάριτας ἢ πείσας κόρην; Trag.Adesp.402; in full,

χάριτες ἀφροδισίων ἐρώτων Pi.Fr. 128

, cf. Pl.Phdr. 254a, al.

IV gratification, delight, τινος in or from a thing,

συμποσίου Pi. O.7.5

;

νίκας Id.O.10(11).78

;

ὕπνου χ. E.Or. 159

(lyr.); even

χ. γόων Id.Supp.79

(lyr.); also concrete, of things, a delight, Pi.I.2.19 (pl.);

τὰν βοτρυώδη Διονύσου χ. οἴνας E.Ba. 535

(lyr.), cf. Ar.Nu. 311 (lyr.), Jul.Or.3.125b;

ἔνοπτρα, παρθένων χάριτας E.Tr. 1108

(lyr.): abs.,

Ἔρως.. εἰσάγων γλυκεῖαν χ. Id.Hipp. 527

(lyr.); opp. λύπη, S.El. 821, E.Hel. 655 (lyr.); opp. πόνος, S.OC 232 (lyr.);

θανεῖν πολλὴ χάρις A.Ag. 550

, cf. 1304;

βίου χ. μεθεῖσα E.Med. 227

;

οὐδεμίαν ἔχω τῷ βίῳ χάριν Ar.Lys. 865

; τοῖς δὲ σιτίοις χ. οὐδεμίαν οἶδ' ἐσθίων ib. 869; less freq. in Prose,

χ. καὶ ἡδονή Pl.Grg. 462c

, cf. D.20.26;

τοσαύτην ἔχει χ. Isoc.9.10

.

V δαιμόνων χάρις homage due to them, their worship, majesty, A.Ag. 182 (lyr.); ἀθίκτων χ. ib. 371 (lyr.);

ὅρκων E.Med. 439

(lyr.).

2 thank-offering, εὐκταία χ. τινός, opp. a common gift, A.Ag. 1387, cf. X.Hier.8.4;

ἔπεμψε χαίτην κουρίμην χ. πατρός A.Ch. 180

, cf. 517;

τιμὴ καὶ γέρα καὶ χ. Pl.Euthphr. 15a

, cf. La. 187a.

VI Special usages:

1 acc. sg. as Adv., χ. τινός in any one's favour, for his pleasure, for his sake,

χ. Ἕκτορος Il.15.744

; ψεύδεσθαι γλώσσης χ. for one's tongue's pleasure, i.e. for talking's sake, Hes.Op. 709, cf. A.Ch. 266; rarely with Art.,

τὴν Ἀθηναίων χάριν ἐστρατεύοντο Hdt.5.99

.

b as Prep., sts. before its case (once in Pi., P.2.70;

χάριν πλησμονῆς Pl.Phdr. 241c

;

χ. φιλίας Epicur.Sent.Vat.28

; χ. τίνος; LXX 2 Ch.7.21, cf. POxy.743.29 (i B. C.), etc.), but mostly after, for the sake of, on behalf of, on account of,

κακά νιν ἕλοιτο μοῖρα δυσπότμου χάριν χλιδᾶς S.OT 888

(lyr.); τοῦ χάριν; for what reason? Ar.Pl.53;

συγχωρῶ τοῦ λόγου χ. Pl.R. 475a

; so ἐμὴν χάριν, χάριν σήν, for my, thy pleasure or sake, A.Pers. 1046 (lyr.), E.HF 1238, etc.;

κείνου τε καὶ σὴν ἐξ ἴσου κοινὴν χ. S.Tr. 485

: less freq. with the Art.,

τὴν σὴν δ' ἥκω χ. Id.Ph. 1413

(anap.);

σοῦ τε τήν τ' ἐμὴν χ. E.Ph. 762

:—pleon.,

τίνος χάριν ἕνεκα; Pl.Lg. 701d

; also χάριν τινός as far as regards.., as to..,

ἔπους σμικροῦ χ. S.OC 443

; δακρύων χάριν if tears would serve, Id.Fr.557.6;

χ. θανάτου πόλιν ἀτείχιστον οἰκοῦμεν Epicur.Sent.Vat.31

; also, about, ἔπεμφεν ἐπὶ τὴν πενθεράν σου χ. τοῦ κτήματος about the farm, PFay.126.5 (ii/iii A. D.).—Orig. an acc. in apposition with the sentence, as in Il.15.744, etc., being a favour, since it is (was) a favour, as is evident in

κακῆς γυναικὸς χάριν ἄχαριν ἀπώλετο E.IT 566

;

τινὸς νίκας ἀκάρπωτον χ. S.Aj. 176

(lyr.).

2 with Preps.:

a εἰς χάριν to do a pleasure,

οὐδὲν ἐς χ. πράσσων Id.OT 1353

(lyr.);

ἐς χ. τίθεσθαί τι Plu.Mar.46

;

μηδὲ κρίσιν εἰς χ. ἕλκε Ps.-Phoc.9

(but ἐς τὴν τῶν ξυμμάχων χ. in such a way as to earn thanks.. Th.3.37); also

κατὰ χάριν Pl.Lg. 740c

; χάριτος ἕνεκα ib. 771d.

b

πράσσειν τί τινι πρὸς χάριν S.OC 1776

(anap.);

δρᾶσαι E.Hel. 1281

;

τοῖσι πολλοῖς πρὸς χάριν λέγειν τι Id.Hec. 257

, cf. X.Mem.4.4.4, HG6.3.7, Isoc.2.18, D.8.1 (but πρὸς χ. βορᾶς for the sake of it, S.Ant.30); πρὸς χ., opp. κλαίων, Id.OT 1152:—but πρὸς χ. εὐσεβίας, just like χάριν, Pi.O.8.8;

τίνος νόμου ταῦτα πρὸς χ. λέγω; S.Ant. 908

;

πρὸς ἰσχύος χ. E.Med. 538

; πρὸς χ. alone, as a favour, freely,

πρὸς χ. τε κοὐ βίᾳ S.Fr.28

; but κορέσαι στόμα πρὸς χ. to their heart's content, Id.Ph. 1156 (lyr.).

c ἐν χάριτι κρίνειν τινά to decide from partiality to one, Theoc.5.69; but also, for one's gratification, pleasure, ἐν χάριτι διδόναι or ποιεῖν τινί τι, X.Oec.8.10, Pl.Phd. 115b:

παραλαμβάνειν ἐν χάρισιν

gratefully,

Id.Lg. 796b

.

d διὰ χαρίτων εἶναι or γίγνεσθαί [τινι] to be pleasing to one, X.Hier.9.1,2.

e

ἐθελοντὶ καὶ μετὰ χάριτος

of pure good will,

Plb.2.22.5

, etc.;

ἐθελούσιοι καὶ χάριτος ἕνεκα ἐξιόντες X.Cyr.4.2.11

.

VII metaph. of the cypress, Gp.11.4.1; of some kind of myrtle, Sch.Il.17.51; of salt, ὅτι τὸ ἀναγκαῖον ἡδὺ ποιοῦσιν (sc. ἅλες) Plu.2.685a.

B [full] Χάρις, ἡ, as a mythological pr. n. declined like χάρις, save that the acc. is generally Χάριτα (exc. AP5.148 (Mel.), Luc.DDeor. 15.1, Paus.9.35.4): poet. dat. pl.

Χαρίτεσσι Il.17.51

, Pi.N.9.54; Χάρισσιν ib.5.54:—Charis, wife of Hephaestus, Il.18.382; mostly in pl. Χάριτες, αἱ, the Graces, 14.267, 275, Od.6.18, Pi.O.2.50, etc.; three in number, Hes.Th. 907, etc. (

τέσσαρες αἱ X.

, as a compliment, Call.Epigr.52.1); attendants of Aphrodite, Il.5.338, Hes. Op.73, h.Ven.61, Paus.6.24.7; coupled with Μοῦσαι, Hes.Th.64; κόμαι Χαρίτεσσιν ὁμοῖαι, i.e. like that of the Graces, Il.17.51; worshipped at Orchomenus in Boeotia,

Ἐτεόκλειοι Χάριτες θεαί Theoc. 16.104

, cf. Sch. ad loc., Str.9.2.40, Paus.9.35.3, 9.38.1: but at Lacedaemon and Athens only two were orig. worshipped, Id.3.18.6, 9.35.2;

Χαρίτων ἱερὸν ἐμποδὼν ποιοῦνται Arist.EN 1133a3

;

θύειν ταῖς X.

Plu.2.141f; in adjurations,

πρὸς τῶν Χαρίτων Pl.Tht. 152c

;

νὴ τὰς X.

Luc.Hist.Conscr.26;

ὦ φίλαι X.

Plu.2.710d.— Rarely in sg., X.

ζωθάλμιος Pi.O.7.11

;

Χάριτος ἡδίστης θεῶν Antiph. 228.4

.

λέσχη Bremmer WAAR?

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `room, builing as meeting place' (σ 329, Hes.); `grave' (Rhodos); see H. Bolkestein MAWNied. 84B: 3 (1937) 18ff.

Compounds: ἔλ-λεσχος `commonly talked off' (Hdt. 1, 153; from ἐν λέσχῃ), πρό-λεσχος `eager to talk' (A. Supp. 200; cf. πρό-χειρος a.o.; ἀδο-λέσχης (s.s.v.).

Derivatives: λεσχήν, - ῆνος m. `chatterer' (Timo 46); λεσχην-εῖ ὁμιλεῖ, μυθολογεῖ H. - λεσχαῖος ἐξηγητής, ὁμιλητής H.; λεσχάραι οἷον αἱ σχολαί... (EM561, 17). See Solmsen Wortforsch. 124 f. - Two month names of unclear formation: Λεσχανάσιος (Tegea), Λεσχανόριος (Thessal., Gortyn); also Άπόλλων Λεσχηνόριος (from the λέσχαι which were under his protection?).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: Mostly connected with λέχος, from *λέχσκᾱ. As Greek has no nomin. suffix - sk-, and as a k-suffix from the zero grade *λεχσ- is also improbable, one assumes a σκ-present *λέχ-σκ-εται (\> *λέσχεται); but there is no trace of this verb. The same formation was assumed for OHG. lëscan ' löschen' (as `lie down'); also for Celtic, e. g. OIr. lesc `lazy', where it is quite uncertain. - As the room was not for lying down, this etymology (supposing *λεσχεται really existed) is improbable. - Long ago the agreement with Hebr. liškāh was observed. This cannot be ignored. It was assumed that Greek had the word from the Near East (West, East Face 38; not the other way round, ib.), but as the word is isolated in NWSemitic, Schrader (FS Jahrh.feier Univ. Breslau, 1911, 469) already assumed that both languages had it from Anatolia, which seems the most probable interpretation. Thus Fur. 295, 257, who points out that the suffix of λεσχάραι is non-Greek; he also points to the Hebr. variant niškāh, which may point to Anat. l\/n, as in Fur. 388. Thus now Bremmer, WAAR?

See also: weitere Lit. s. λέχεται.

Page in Frisk: 2,107-108

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `hear, understand, obey' (Il.), also (with εὖ, κακῶς) `have the name' (trag.) (Hes. Op. 726)

Other forms: Aor. ἔκλυον (Il.), athematic forms: ipv. κλῦθι, - τε (Hom., Pi., trag.), κέκλυθι, - τε (Hom.), also κέκλῠκε (Epich. 190; s. below), ptc. κλῠ́μενος `famous' (Antim., Theoc.), usu. PN Κλύμενος, Κλυμένη (Hom.).

Compounds: rarely with prefix as ἐπι-, ὑπο-,

Derivatives: κλυτός m., also f. (s. Schwyzer-Debrunner 32 n. 5) `famous' (Il.), often as 1. member, e. g. κλυτό-τοξος `with famous bow' (of Apollon), κλυτό-πωλος `with famous foals' (of Hades; cf. Thieme Studien 48ff.); also Κλυται-μήστρα, - ρη (Il.), with 2. member to μήστωρ, 1. member reshaped after Κραται-, Παλαι- a. o.; Schwyzer 448, Sommer Nominalkomp. 147 w. n. 1. - With other ablaut κλειτός `famous' (Hom., Pi.) from *κλεϜετός; s. below.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [605] *ḱleu- `hear'

Etymology: The thematic root-aorist ἔκλυον, to which the present κλύω is an innovation, agrees with Skt. aorist śruvam, grew like this from an older athematic aorist, which can still be seen in ipv. κλῦθι, - τε and the ptc. κλύμενος. To κλῦθι (in Hom. alway at verse beginning), with metrical lengthening for *κλύ-θι, Skt. śru-dhi is an exact comparandum; an innovation is κλῦτε (not for *κλεῦ-τε = Skt. śró-ta (details in Schwyzer 800 n. 6). Reduplicated κέ-κλυ-θι, - τε can be an innovation after τέ-τλᾰ-θι a. o. (s. on ἱλάσκομαι; diff. Schwyzer 804 with Schulze Q. 391ff.); on the hapax κέκλυκε (Epich.) ibd. 799 n. 2. - κλυτός too has agreements outside Greek, in several languages, e. g. Skt. śrutá- `heard', Lat. in-clutus `famous', Arm. lu `known', OIr. cloth n. `fame', IE. *ḱlŭ-tó-; (not here Germ., e. g. OHG hlūt `loud'). - The full grade eu can be seen in the athematic root-aorist, Skt. á-śrav-am, 3. sg. á-śro-t ; here *κλεϜετός \> κλειτός (cf. Schwyzer 502) and the old verbal noun κλέ(Ϝ)ος, s. v. - The other languages present many forms, e. g. the old nu-present in Skt. śr̥-ṇó-ti, Av. surunaoiti; note Lat. cluēre `be called'. Further there is the denominative κλέω `celebrate, praise', s. κλέος. - More forms Pok. 605ff., W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. clueō, Feist Vgl. Wb. d. got. Spr. s. hliuma.

Page in Frisk: 1,877-878

ὀφθαλμοδουλία, ας, ἡ (B-D-F §115, 1; also s. Mlt-H. 271; FGingrich, JBL 52, ’33, 263; Achmes p. 18, 12 says of a slave κατʼ ὀφθαλμὸν δουλεύειν) service that is performed only to make an impression in the owner’s presence, eye-service (CMoule, ET 59, ’47/48, 250), not for its own sake nor to please God or one’s own conscience (s. Theodoret III p. 437 Schulze on Eph 6:6f ὀφθαλμοδουλείαν δὲ καλεῖ τὴν οὐκ ἐξ εἰλικρινοῦς καρδίας προσφερομένην θεραπείαν, ἀλλὰ τῷ σχήματι κεχρωσνένην=he applies the term ‘eye-slavery’ to service that is not sincerely rendered but functions only for sake of appearance) κατʼ ὀφθαλμοδουλίαν only when your owner is watching Eph 6:6. Pl., of more than one occurrence of this kind of service ἐν ὀφθαλμοδουλίᾳ (v.l.-λίαις) Col 3:22.—S. DELG ὄπωπα F 2. TW.

ἄνωθεν adv. of place (Trag., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX, En; TestSol 12:6 C; JosAs 21:4 [cod. A and Pal. 364]; ApcrEzk [Epiph 70, 10]; Just., Ath.).

① in extension fr. a source that is above, from above (SIG 969, 63; PHib 110, 66; 107; 109; Gen 49:25; Josh 3:16; EpJer 61; En 28:2; TestSol 12:6 C; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 64; 184, Fug. 138, Somn., 2, 142; Jos., Ant. 3, 158) σχισθῆναι ἀπʼ ἄ. ἕως κάτω be torn fr. top to bottom Mk 15:38. For this ἄ. ἕως κάτω Mt 27:51 (where ἀπʼ is added by many witnesses, foll. Mk). ἐκ τῶν ἄ. ὑφαντὸς διʼ ὅλου woven from the top in one piece (i.e. altogether without seam) J 19:23. Esp. from heaven (cp. ἄνω 1 and schol. on Pla. 856e of the seer: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα; Philo, Mos. 2, 69) ἄ. ἐκ τ. οὐρανοῦ J 3:27 v.l. ὁ ἄ. ἐρχόμενος he who comes from heaven (explained in the same vs. by ὁ ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἐρχόμενος) 3:31. Of the Holy Spirit πνεῦμα ἄ. ἐρχόμενον Hm 11:21; also simply τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἄ. 11:8. ἡ δύναμις ἡ ἄ. ἐρχομένη 11:20. ἡ σοφία ἄ. κατερχομένη Js 3:15. Also ἡ ἄ. σοφία vs. 17. ἄ. εἶναι come from above Hm 9:11; 11:5; Js 1:17. Some would place 2 Cl 14:2 here, but the temporal sense seems more prob., s. 2. ἄ. δεδομένον bestowed from above (i.e. by God; cp. Procop. Soph., Ep. 109 θεοῦ ἄ. ἐπινεύοντος) J 19:11. ἄ. γεννᾶσθαι be born from above J 3:3, 7 (Epict. 1, 13, 3: all humans are begotten of their ancestor Zeus ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν σπερμάτων καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς ἄ. καταβολῆς; Just., D. 63, 3), but. s. 4 on the wordplay in these verses (Nicodemus thinks of physical rebirth [vs. 4], but the narrator shows Jesus with another dimension in mind).

② from a point of time marking the beginning of someth., from the beginning (Hippocr., VM 3; Pla.; Demosth. 44, 69; SIG 1104, 11; POxy 237 VIII, 31; En 98:5; JosAs 21:4 cod. A [p. 71, 19 Bat.]; Philo, Mos. 2, 48; Ath., R. 68, 19) παρακολουθεῖν ἄ. follow from the beginning Lk 1:3 (w. suggestion of thoroughness rather than temporal precision: LAlexander, The Preface to Luke’s Gospel, ’93, 130); cp. Ac 26:5 and s. 3. Opp. νῦν 2 Cl 14:2 (Lghtf.).

③ for a relatively long period in the past, for a long time (SIG 685, 81 and 91; 748, 2; PTebt 59, 7 and 10; Jos., Ant. 15, 250; Just. [throughout]; Ath.) προγινώσκειν ἄ. know for a long time Ac 26:5 (Ael. Aristid. 50, 78 K.=26 p. 525 D. ἄ. Ἀριστείδην γιγνώσκω) beside ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς vs. 4 (cp. Aelian NA 17, 40 οὐκ ἄνωθεν, οὐδὲ ἐξ ἀρχῆς=not for a long time nor from of old). For Lk 1:3 s. 2.

④ at a subsequent point of time involving repetition, again, anew (Pla., Ep. 2 p. 310e ἄ. ἀρξάμενος; Epict. 2, 17, 27; Jos., Ant. 1, 263; IG VII, 2712, 59; BGU 595, 5ff) ἄ. ἐπιδεικνύναι MPol 1:1. Oft. strengthened by πάλιν (CIG 1625, 60; Wsd 19:6) Gal 4:9.—ἀ. γεννηθῆναι be born again J 3:3, 7 (ἄ. γεννᾶσθαι in the physical sense Artem. 1, 13) is designedly ambiguous and suggests also a transcendent experience born from above (s. 1 above on these pass. fr. J). JLouw, NThSt 23, ’40, 53–56; ESjöberg, Wiedergeburt u. Neuschöpfung im paläst. Judentum: Studia Theologica 4, ’51, 44–85.—DELG s.v. ἀνά. M-M.

ἐμός, ή, όν possess. pron. (via ἐμέ; Hom.+; s. B-D-F §285; W-S. §22; Rob. 684; 770) pert. to me (the speaker), esp. as possessor, agent, or object of an action, my, mine

ⓐ as adj.

α. in attrib., often without special emphasis, freq. used

א. for the possess. gen., where μου could be used in nearly all cases Mt 18:20; J 3:29; 10:27; 15:11; Ro 10:1; with emphasis τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί w. my own hand (cp. PSI 223, 6 ὁλόγραφον χειρὶ ἐμῇ) 1 Cor 16:21; Gal 6:11; Col 4:18; 2 Th 3:17; Phlm 19. ὁ ἐμὸς καιρός my time=the time when I am to be fully revealed J 7:6, 8. ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ ἐμή 8:56 and sim.—IRo 7:2; 9:3; Hs 5, 3, 3.

ב. for the obj. gen. (Aeschyl., Pers. 699 τὴν ἐμὴν αἰδῶ respect for me; X., Cyr. 3, 1, 28; 8, 3, 32; Antiphon 5, 41; Jos., Ant. 1, 100) εἰς τὴν ἐμὴν ἀνάμνησιν in memory of me (but s. PSchorlemmer, Die Hochkirche 1925, nos. 4; 5; ELohmeyer, JBL 56, ’37, 244f) 1 Cor 11:24f; Lk 22:19. πίστις ἐμή faith in me PtK 3 p. 15, 21.

β. pred. J 7:16; 14:24; 16:15. οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὸν τοῦτο δοῦναι it is not for me to give Mt 20:23; Mk 10:40 (Pla., Leg. 2, 664b ἐμὸν ἂν εἴη λέγειν; Lucian, Jupp. Conf. 10 οὐκ ἐμὸν τοῦτο; Jos., Ant. 2, 335 σόν ἐστι ἐκπορίζειν).

ⓑ subst. τὸ ἐμόν my property (cp. Jos., Ant. 18, 199) Mt 25:27; J 16:14f. For this τὰ ἐμά (cp. Phalaris, Ep. 16; Jos., Ant. 13, 57; ApcSed 6:4; Tat. 26, 2) Mt 20:15 (perh. on my own premises WHatch, ATR 26, ’44, 250–53); Lk 15:31 (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 38, 5 τὰ σὰ ἡμέτερα γενής.); J 17:10.—οἱ ἐμοί (Ael. Aristid. 50, 5 K.=26 p. 503 D.; Sb 1911 [ins]; POslo 25, 10 [217 A.D.] et al. s. Pres.; Jos., Vi. 291) Rv 13:14 v.l.—GKilpatrick, The Poss. Pron. in the NT: JTS 42, ’41, 184–86.—DELG s.v. ἐγώ. M-M.

πενθέω fut. πενθήσω; 1 aor. ἐπένθησα (fr. πάσχω, s. two next entries; Hom. et al.; LXX; pseudepigr., Philo; Jos., Ant. 17, 206; Mel., P. 17, 117).

① intr., to experience sadness as the result of some condition or circumstance, be sad, grieve, mourn (Hom. et al.; SIG 1219, 5; 8; UPZ 18, 21 [163 B.C.]; POxy 528, 9; LXX in most occurrences) in contrast to joy, inward and outward Mt 9:15. Before a festive day οὐκ ἔξεστί σοι πενθεῖν GJs 2:2. παρακαλέσαι πάντας τοὺς πενθοῦντας B 14:9 (Is 61:2). Of sorrow for sins one has committed 1 Cor 5:2 (in the OT of sorrow for the sins of others: 1 Esdr 8:69; 9:2; 2 Esdr 10:6. TestReub 1:10 has πενθῶν ἐπὶ τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ μου, but this has no counterpart in the LXX). Also, the πενθοῦντες Mt 5:4 mourn not for their own sins, but because of the power of the wicked, who oppress the righteous. W. κλαίειν (POxy 528, 9; 2 Km 19:2; 2 Esdr 18:9): Mk 16:10; Lk 6:25; Js 4:9; Rv 18:15, 19; GPt 7:27. οὐ μικρῶ ἐπένθουν νηστεύουσαι AcPl Ha 5, 19. π. ἐπί τινι mourn over someth. ἐπὶ τοῖς παραπτώμασιν τῶν πλησίον ἐπενθεῖτε 1 Cl 2:6 (cp. Aeschin. 3, 211; Epict. 3, 3, 15; 1 Esdr 8:69 ἐμοῦ πενθοῦντος ἐπὶ τῇ ἀνομίᾳ; 2 Esdr 10:6). ἐπί τινα over someone (2 Ch 35:24) Rv 18:11.

② trans. (B-D-F §148, 2; Rob. 475) to engage in mourning for one who is dead, ordinarily w. traditional rites, mourn over w. acc. of pers. (Hom. et al.; Lysias 2, 66; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 14, 1; Gen 37:34; 50:3; 1 Esdr 1:30; Bel 40; 1 Macc 12:52; 13:26; TestJos 20, 5; JosAs 29:9; Jos., Bell. 2, l) 2 Cor 12:21; GJs 24:3. EdeMartino, Morte e pianto rituale nel mondo antico ’58.—DELG s.v. πάσχω. M-M. TW.

δοκεύω,

A keep an eye upon, watch narrowly, ἑλισσόμενόν τε δοκεύει [the hound] watches [the boar] turning to bay, Il.8.340; Θόωνα μεταστρεφθέντα δοκεύσας having watched for his turning round, 13.545;

Ἄμφικλον ἐφορμηθέντα δοκεύσας 16.313

; τὸνπροὔχοντα δοκεύει watches him that is before [in the race], 23.325; of the Great Bear, ἥ τ'.. Ὠρίωνα δοκεύει watches the hunter Orion, 18.488; λόχμαισι δ. lie in wait for [them] in.., Pi.O.10(11).30, cf. AP6.45, Theoc.9.26; νιν.. ὄψεται δοκεύοντα will see him playing the spy, E.Ba. 984 (lyr.); ἃ μὴ θέμις οὐκ ἐδόκευσα sought not for, IG14.2068.

2 expect, c. acc., Arat.987, al.: c. gen.,

ἀνέμοιο γαληναίης τε δ. Id.813

.

3 in later Poets, observe, see, Nonn.D.1.530, al., AP5.252 (Iren.), Man.6.142; also, think, Orph.A. 891, 1083.

Grammatical information: ptc.

Meaning: `grown together, bent together' (Β 218); after it συνοχωκότος (gen. sg.) `collapsed' (Q. S. 7, 502).

Other forms: Perf. ptc. du.

Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]

Etymology: To συνέχω, but explanation further unclear. After Brugmann (e.g. IF 13, 280) reduplicated formation like συν-οκωχή, ἀνοκωχή (s. v.) a.o. As however the reading συνοχωκότε seems more reliable, Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1902, 738f. (Kl. Schr. 1, 128f.) assumes a denominative *συνοχόω (from σύνοχος), which is however not unproblematic; cf. Schwyzer 766 n. 6 (w. lit.), where συνοχωκότε is supposed to be an enlargement of *συνοχότε (to *[σ]ε[σ]οχα). The form is rather to be understood as an articial formation to συνέχω, which on the one hand through rhythmical parallels ( κεκορηότε, κεκοτηότι, βεβαρηότα a.o.), on the other hand through reduplicated forms as ὄρωρα and trough κ-perfects as μέμβλωκα could have been favoured. A natural word was συνοχωκότε certainly not. For intensive meaning Hartmann Festschr. Snell 250. -- Cf. also Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 424 m. n. 3.

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-ης,-ες A 0-0-1-5-2=8 Jer 37(30),23; Prv 11,25; 15,18; 22,24; 29,22

passionate Prv 11,25; furious, angry Prv 29,22; wrathful Jer 37(30),23

*Prv 31,4 θυμώδεις εἰσίν they are prone to anger-ל אף for MT ל אל it is not for...